先秦儒門內的兩種「五行說」──荀子批判「思、孟五行」之再議

Two Interpretations of “Wuxing” of the Pre- Qin Confucianism--The Discussion on Xunz's Critique of “Wuxing” Interpreted by School of Zisi and Mencius

本文旨在藉由竹、帛〈五行〉篇出土後，立基學界對此議題的相關研究下，將研究視域回到荀子「天人之分」的觀點，重新蠡測〈非十二子〉篇對子思、孟軻括擊的原因，以及荀子如何再形塑新「五行，將其導向在政治發用的場域。本文研究方法即逐步分析〈五行〉篇「五行、四行」的差別，導出仁、義、禮、智、聖乃「天道之德；仁、義、禮、智為「人道之善，下推到孟子「天人合德」的道德觀，並呼應〈五行〉篇「德行於內」的概念。又及，荀子以「天人分職」的思想，下接師法禮義的重要，對比出思孟學派、荀子截然不同的修德成聖之進程。得出荀子以「僻違而無類，幽隱而無說，閉約而無解」的三無句批判思、孟，在於思、孟及荀子兩家對仁、義、禮、智、聖的價值取向不同，以及理解天人關係上的分歧。或可判定〈五行〉篇「說」文的部分，乃思孟一系偏孟氏之儒鑒於荀子以「三無之弊」非之，故特補綴說文於〈五行〉經文後，維護一己隸屬儒門別派的合理性。基於此，荀子亦在〈樂論〉篇提出「貴賤明，隆殺辨，和樂而不流，弟長而無遺，安燕而不亂」的新「五行」說，鞏固正統大儒之地位，一改「精微自覺義」的思、孟〈五行〉，轉以「禮樂義」的新「五行」取代，並融攝在「正身安國」的政治層面。

After Bamboo Tablets with ''Wuxing'' was unearthed, there have been many research and discussion about the contents. This paper aims to focus on Xunzi's perspective ''Non-connection Between the Heaven and Man'' in order to review and reorganize the reasons why Xunzi is opposed to Zisi and Mencius in his ''Criticism of Twelve Philosophers.'' Furthermore, how Xunzi reforms ''New of Five Acts'' and applied it on political field will also be discussed in this paper. From the start, the differences between Five Virtues and the Four Elements in ''Wuxing'' will be analyzed step by step, which will lead to the conclusion that Benevolence (Ren), Righteousness (Yi), Propriety (Li), Wisdom (Zhi), and Holiness ( Sheng ) are the Virtue of the Dao of Heaven, and that Benevolence (Ren), Righteousness (Yi), Propriety (Li) and Wisdom (Zhi) are the Goodness of the Dao of Humane. The conclusion will also imply ''Unity of the Heaven and Man'', the moral principle of Mencius, and correlate with the concept ''Express of Virtue from within'' in Wuxing. In addition, through Xunzi's perspective ''the Separation of Human and Man'' and the importance of Che-Li-Yi, it can be seen that the development of Virtue-Cultivation and Sanctification between Xunzi and School of Zisi and Mencius are obvious contrast to each other. Therefore, the reasons why Xunzi criticizes his opponent with Three ''Wulei,'' ''Wushuo,'' and ''Wujie'' of the Sentence are because not only the concepts that he values in Benevolence (Ren), Righteousness (Yi), Propriety (Li), Wisdom (Zhi), and Holiness (Sheng) are differ from those of the School of Zisi and Mencius, but also he has divergent understanding of Between Human and Man. What is more, it can be said that the Comments part in ''Five Virtues'' was added by the descendants of the School of Zisi and Mencius in order to defend themselves from Xunzi's criticsm. Eventually, to prove his high status in Confucianism, Xunzi announced ''New of Five Acts'' in his ''On Music,'' and applied it to the political field.