「鑄造」疆域：聖彼得堡冬宮博物館藏乾隆時期二匣回疆錢幣研究

Casting the Territory: A Study of Two Cabinets of Coins from the Qianlong Period in the State Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg

聖彼得堡冬宮博物館藏有二匣乾隆時期錢幣，收藏乾隆二十四年（1759）清廷征服回疆後當地所上呈的錢幣。據館方的說法，這兩匣錢幣是1760－1770年代乾隆送給凱薩琳女王（Екатерина Алексеевна（Catherine II），1729－1796）的外交禮物。兩匣錢幣皆為紫檀木裝，上面刻有漢、滿、蒙、回四體所寫的御製詩，四面並有詞臣的恭和詩，內部則分為三層，一匣裝有三十二枚錢幣，另一匣則有五十一枚錢幣。這些錢幣，除了清代新疆與西藏所流通的錢幣外，還包括中國各代古錢，其時間分佈可以從西元前二世紀到十二世紀，匣內並附有繪有錢幣圖像與說明的圖錄冊頁。早在1906年俄國漢學家V.Alekseev就已經注意到這兩匣錢幣，並將此兩者視為一組來介紹。V.Alekseev的論文並沒有特別著眼於此其清宮脈絡，也沒有提到其與凱薩琳女王的關係，而是將此兩匣錢幣單純地視為研究古代錢幣的材料。饒有興味的是，這兩匣錢幣中並不見任何乾隆將其作為外交禮物的線索，其究竟是否可能是乾隆送給凱薩琳女王的禮物？此篇論文意圖透過清宮豐富的檔案文獻重建乾隆為何要要收藏、裝匣與陳設這些錢幣？其製作的契機與目的為何？更重要的是，文中將此兩匣錢幣同時放在中國與歐洲的脈絡中來分析，試圖說明此兩匣錢幣如何展現清宮對於中國錢幣收藏史之改寫，而此兩匣錢幣所呈現的收藏形式，其非言說的物質與視覺元素，又可能進行什麼樣的文化與政治訊息之論述？

The State Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg houses two cabinets of coins from East Turkesktan presented when the Qing empire conquered the territory in 1759. The museum asserts that these two cabinets were a diplomatic gift from Emperor Qianlong to Catherine the Great. The cabinets were both made of valuable Zitan wood and are covered with inscriptions in Chinese, Manchu, Mongolian, and Uighur scripts. Both cabinets contain three tiers of coins, 32 and 51 in total respectively, dating from 2 BCE to 12 CE. Scholarship on the coins themselves has neglected the circumstanced of their gifting. However, the archives of the Qing court allow us to reconstruct when, how, and even why Emperor Qianlong ordered the coins to be collected and displayed. This article situates the analysis of these two cabinets of ancient Chinese coins in the context of both Chinese and European numismatic traditions, and offers an interpretation of the political meanings of Qianlong's gift. Its visual and material aspects show Qianlong's understanding of European practices and his use of non-verbal forms to promote his political agenda.