台灣閩南語「都」與「攏」的分工與合併

TO AND LONG IN TAIWANESE SOUTHERN MIN: DIVISION AND MERGING

台灣閩南語裡的量化副詞「攏long2」和「都to1」表全稱義。表任指義的疑問代詞和表個別義的「逐NP」可以和「都to1」或「攏long2」合用（句型一）；由「毋管」或「無論」引介的表任指的疑問詞小句，只能使用「攏long2」（句型二）；表級差的連字句和否定極性成分則須與「都to1」合用（句型三），惟近來也出現「連」與「攏long2」合用的情形。本文針對這三種句型進行調查，口述語境，並提示目標語句的前半部，讓120位受訪者完成語句，結果發現，受訪者使用「攏long2」類多過於「都to1」類，但受訪者之年齡和台語流利程度也與「攏long2」及「都to1」的使用極為相關。因此，本文最後探討從早期閩南語到現代台灣閩南語「都to1」和「攏long2」的消長，並提出造成此改變的內外在因素。

The two universal quantifiers, to and long, in Taiwanese Southern Min (TSM) areinterchangeable when they occur with a wh-word yielding a free choice reading orwith a tak-NP ‘each-NP’ (pattern 1). In sentences involving put-kuan/bo-lun ‘nomatter’, only long can be used (pattern 2). Still, when the domain involvesalternatives arranged on a scale, e.g., in the presence of a focus introduced by lian‘even’, or a negative polarity item, to is considered the norm, though thecombination of lian and long is sometimes attested (pattern 3). Our sentencecompletion survey conducted orally is set out to investigate the use of the twoquantifiers in the three sentence patterns. We find there is a predominance of thelong-type quantifiers in all the three sentence patterns, and the use of long and tocorrelates with the spearkers’ age and proficiency level of TSM. Finally, for abetter understanding of the change, we compare the use of the two quantifiers inearlier Southern Min texts and modern TSM texts and discuss some potentialinternal/external causes for the change.