論金門閩南語親屬稱謂詞前綴an35的來源及相關問題

On the Etymon of Prefix an35 of the Kinship Terminologies in Kin Men Southern Min and Related Issues

本文根據我們在金門的田野調查材料，探討金鬥閩南語親屬稱謂詞前綴an35的來源及相關問題。金門閩南語中有一類親屬稱謂詞是an35X，其中an35基本上已類似一個前綴中（prefix），X則是語根（root），例如an35 kɔŋ44（祖父）、an35 mã53（祖母）、an35 pal3（父親）、an35 tsik32（叔父）等，相應的臺灣閩南語則是在親屬稱謂或人名前附加「阿」a55前綴。加上「阿」a55前綴乃是用來表達情感上的親暱，如a33 pa44（父親）a33 bu53（母親）、a33 tsik32（叔叔）、a33 il3（阿姨）等。我們認為，金門閩南語的an3和臺灣泉漳閩南語的「阿」a1並非同源詞。金門的an3來自第一人稱領屬的guan3，an3是guan3的弱化形式。根據金門閩南語的象，我們提出一個宏觀的假設，那就是「人稱代詞領格會語法化為體詞前綴」，其施用的範圍會由「親屬詞」、「名字」擴大到「人的特點」。伴隨著這個語法化，語意上也會發展出「禮貌」「親暱」甚至「戲謔」的用法。這個假設可以由現代閩東的福州方言的表現得到證明。我們還嘗試利用這個假設，探討上古漢語「吾子」一詞的結構，並指出「吾子」之所以帶有「禮貌」與「親暱」這類語意，乃是因為「吾子」一詞中的「吾」保存了第一人稱領格的性質，這顯示上古漢語是具有格位對比的語言。 Based on fieldwork in Kin-men, this paper investigates the origins of the 'an35' prefix of kinship terms in the Kin-men dialect of Southern Min as well as related phenomena in the Eastern Min dialect and Old Chinese. In the Kin-men dialect of Southern Min there is a type of kinship term that follows the pattern 'an35 X', where 'an35' is a prefix and 'X' is a root. Examples include: an35 kɔŋ44 (grandfather), an35 mã53 (grandmother), an35 pa13 (father), an35 tsik32 (uncle; younger brothers of one's father). Nevertheless, in the Taiwanese dialect of Southern Min, the 'al' prefixed to familial terms of address or names expresses a sense of intimacy, as in 'a33 pa44' (father), 'a33 bu53' (mother), 'a33 tsik32' (uncle; younger brothers of one's father), 'a33 i 13' (aunt; mother's sister). We maintain that the 'an35' of the Kin-men dialect of Southern Min and 'a!' of the Taiwanese dialect of Southern Min have different origins. The former is derived from the first person possessive guan3', and is a weakened form thereof. We further put forth a broad hypothesis based on established phenomena of the Kin-men dialect: personal possessive pronouns will grammaticalize into nominal prefixes. Additionally, this pattern may expand from use with kinship terms and personal names to include personal characteristics as well. With this grammaticalization, such words also develop polite, intimate or even (playful) mocking connotations. Evidence from the modern Eastern Min dialect of Fuzhou further supports this hypothesis. Using this hypothesis, we also attempt to investigate the structure of the term '吾子' in Old Chinese, indicating that the reason this word has polite and intimate connotations is because '吾子' preserves the quality of the first person possessive. This shows that case is morphologically marked in Archaic Chinese.