《周禮》訴訟制度初論

A Study of the Litigation Law in “Rites of Zhou”

就一套兩千多年前的訴訟制度而言，《周禮》的構想是頗為先進的。本文即用文獻研究法對《周禮》訴訟制度做爬梳整理，以呈現開述該構思的精神特色：有法可行的制度化訴訟程序；具備分層負責之實；多元的司法救濟管道。尤其「禁殺戮」、「朝士」、「司刺」職掌的司法救濟措施，即便在司法體制不斷發展的今日，仍然值得加以認識。至於現今司法系統能做什麼來強化主動性的司法救濟工作，則非這篇短文的探討對象。而《周禮》司法體系下有諸多的「士」，其工作職掌之說明與分析，才是本文的首要重點。因為，先釐清了諸士之戰，其他官員的分工才會比較明確，整個訴訟過程的輪廓方得明晰展現。 The proposition of the litigation law in ''Rites of Zhou'', a book of planning the government organization for Zhou Dynasty, is more progressive than others built two thousand years ago. With Literature Study, this article aims to disclose the spirits of the book's litigation law by analyzing its design. The characteristics of its litigation law can finally be drawn in three aspects, i.e. , the practical procedures, the hierarchical responsibility, and the judicial reliefs of many kinds. Even in present, we may learn something from them, especially regarding the judicial reliefs, such as the positions of the banner, the courter, and the censor. Nevertheless, this is not an article about today's legal systems at all. Therefore, the most important work of this paper is to sort out and explain the positions of the officers of autumn who are working in the judicial system designed by the book. It goes from the practitioners, who are at the primary level in the judicial system. As long as we know the jobs of these different practitioners, we are able to know the other jobs of officers of autumn step by step. Understanding those positions and jobs, we know the judicial procedures and the litigation law in 'Rites of Zhou'. Then, it is easy to understand the characteristics and spirits of the book's litigation law presented by this study.