埃及穆斯林兄弟會之改革理念（1981－2013）：社會運動與民主化

The Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood's Reform Ideology: Social Movement and Democratization, 1981-2013

本論文主要就1980年代以來，埃及穆斯林兄弟會（以下簡稱穆兄會）之政教理念與民主化的關係進行分析與評價。穆兄會被視為伊斯蘭主義者（Islamist）當中的民主派，是二十世紀以來阿拉伯地區最有政治與社會影響力的伊斯蘭主義群體。在2011年2月埃及總統Husni Mubarak倒台後，穆兄會透過民主選舉機制取得國會多數席次、總統職位，並主導新憲法的制定流程。然而短短數年內，穆兄會的執政引發埃及國內政治與社會的兩極對立，導致在2013年7月，軍方在反穆兄會團體的支持下發動政終結民主轉型，穆兄會被迫遠離政治舞台。有關穆兄會參與埃及民主轉型的探討般集中在穆兄會與軍方、穆兄會與其他政治團體之間的緊張關係，較少論及穆兄政教理念與民主化議題。本論文透過文獻的梳理，認為穆兄會參與埃及民主轉型實與1980年代以來穆兄會的社會參與及其民主化的推動有關。然而，在民主轉型期間於各政黨意識形態的分歧、軍方扮演的角色及穆兄會決策模式的侷限，穆兄會不能實踐其政治與社會的承諾，反而導致埃及民主轉型的終結，甚至成為埃及軍方他阿拉伯國家眼中的「恐怖組織」。 This article analyzes and evaluates the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood's (MB) religiouspolitical ideas in relation to the realization of democracy between 1981 and 2013. As the most politically and socially influential Islamist group in the Middle East during that period, the Muslim Brotherhood has been regarded as a democratic organization among Islamists. The MB started to participate in the democratic transition (2011-2013) in Egypt after the fall of the Husni Mubarak regime in February 2011. After performing well in parliamentary and presidential elections, the MB became the ruling party and dominated the process of drafting the new constitution. However, the MB-led government polarized Egyptian politics and society. Eventually, with the support of anti-MB groups, the Egyptian military launched a coup d'état in July 2013. The democratic transition ended when the MB was forced out of politics. Most studies of the MB in the period of the democratic transition have focused on the tension between the MB and other political groups and between the MB and the military. There have been no serious discussions of the MB'sreligious-political ideas in relation to democratization. Based on analysis of relevant documents, this study argues that the MB's participation in the democratic transition was related to its social participation and its work on democratization from the 1980s onwards. However, due to clashes between different political ideologies, the role of the military, and limitations of the MB's decision-making structure, the MB-led government during the democratic transition not only failed to fulfil its political and social promises but was also banned and named a “terrorist organization” by the Egyptian military government and some Arab countries.