從法治國精神評析中國大陸反腐機制之職權和行使：以中國大陸新修憲設置之監察委員會為視角

Comment on the Power and Exercise of China's Anti-Corruption Mechanism from The Spirit of the Rule of Law: From the Perspective of the Supervisory Committee Set up by the New Constitutional Amendment

中國大陸憲法是中華人民共和國的根本大法，是對國家權力運行體制、機制等重要問題的原則性、綱領性規定，而修改憲法更是一個國家政治生活中的一件大事，是對國家面臨國內外的重大變局或時代潮流的需要所進行的政治改革。2018年3月11日，中國大陸當局通過憲法修正案，設置國家級反貪腐機構─監察委員會。這是對國家監察體制改革的頂層設計，對監察體制、政治權力及黨政關係的重大調整，順應把全面從嚴治黨向縱深推進的迫切要求，反映自中共十八大以來反腐倡廉的成果，貫徹中共十九大後關於健全黨和國家監察體制的重大部署。除了完善中共領導下的憲政制度，為監察委員會的設置提供憲法根據，為依法治國提供憲政基礎，更為推進國家治理體制和治理能力現代化提供重要的憲法保證。不過，監察委員會以新國家機構出現，其理論基礎、頂層設計、改革步驟及憲法規定為何？其與其他機關的關係？其職權行使如何規範？將在本文中有詳細的探討，並提個人意見。法治的要求，即不論想做什麼，一定要有充分的理由和根據，而依法治國的精神，強調監察機關的一切所為，都應該依法行政，遵循法律規定的要求。 The constitution is the fundamental law of the state, the principle and the programmatic regulation of the important issues such as the mechanism and mechanism of the operation of state power, and the revision of the constitution is a major event in the political life of a country, and a political reform of the needs of the state facing major changes at home and abroad or the trend of the times. On March 11, 2018, the Chinese authorities set up a national anti-corruption body, the Supervisory Committee, by amending the Constitution. This is a top-level design of the reform of the state supervision system, a major adjustment of the political system, political power and political relations, a response to the pressing need to push forward the overall strict administration of the Party in depth, a reflection of the achievements made since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China in combating corruption and building a clean government, and a major implementation of the post-19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China in improving the party and state supervision system. In addition to improving the constitutional system under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, it provides a constitutional basis for the setting up of the State Supervision Committee, provides a constitutional basis for the rule of law, and provides an important constitutional guarantee for the modernization of the state governance system and the modernization of governance. However, what are the theoretical basis, top-level design, reform steps and constitutional provisions of the new state body? Its relationship with other organs? How to regulate its functions and powers? There will be a detailed discussion and personal comments in this article. The requirement of the rule of law, that is, no matter what you want to do, there must be sufficient reasons and grounds. The spirit of ruling the country according to law emphasizes that all the actions of the supervisory committee should be administered according to law and abide by the requirements of the law.