一體之心，不容自已：王學士人對祭祖禮的闡釋與祠堂建設

Interpretations of Ancestral Worship of Wang Yang-ming School and Construction of Ancestral Halls in Late Ming China

本文以王門士人為主體，討論他們如何建構家族的理論，以及實際上建祠祭祖的行為。王學士人的家族論述出於萬物一體之仁的說法，在一體觀下，合族親愛成為發揮良知的重要方式，而祖先祭禮，就猶如開罐器一樣，掀開人被蒙蔽的良知。個人的良知與群體的結合，即透過這個「禮」來作用。因此，我們可以看到被普遍認為忽視外在規範的王門學者，在自己的家族建祠、立祀典，或在任官地方時，編簡明版的禮儀書，率領生員、童子演習禮儀。其中許多低階士人在自己家族中的祠堂建設，更是晚明時期，祖先祭禮在鄉里間擴散的有力媒介。因此討論晚明時期儒禮在民間的發展，不能忽略王學士人的發揮的作用。 This article discusses the Yang-ming Scholars’ theories on the construction of lineage and ancestral worship during the late Ming. Their discourse based on the doctrine “the innumerable things are regarded as one substance by Jen.” They argued that practicing the Confucian ritual of ancestral worship is the best way to get clansmen together and to bring the innate knowledge into full play. Besides, this article also focuses on how the Yang-ming Scholars build ancestral halls, how they worship ancesters with Confucian ritual, how they popularize Confucian ritual at local society and then connected the ritual with people’s everyday life. In the end, I point out the Yang-ming Scholars, especially the low-stratum intellectuals, also played an important role in communicating Confucian ideas to countryside during the late Ming.

This article discusses the Yang-ming Scholars’ theories on the construction of lineage and ancestral worship during the late Ming. Their discourse based on the doctrine “the innumerable things are regarded as one substance by Jen.” They argued that practicing the Confucian ritual of ancestral worship is the best way to get clansmen together and to bring the innate knowledge into full play. Besides, this article also focuses on how the Yang-ming Scholars build ancestral halls, how they worship ancesters with Confucian ritual, how they popularize Confucian ritual at local society and then connected the ritual with people’s everyday life. In the end, I point out the Yang-ming Scholars, especially the low-stratum intellectuals, also played an important role in communicating Confucian ideas to countryside during the late Ming.