「內祖外聖」──越南客家人社區身份認同與融合之道：以同奈省邊和市龍寶區為研究對象

Craft masters' spirit under a Goddess' might: The struggles for identity and integration among the Hakka in Vietnam (Case study of Buu Long Region, Bien Hoa City, Dong Nai province)

當前越南有大概八十二萬華人，其中百分之九十五居住在南部地區。隨著歷史、社會環境的支配，華人社群區分為五大方言社區，包括廣東人、潮州人、福建人、客家人與海南人，各幫之間的語言、風俗、習慣均有不同之處。各社區在傳統信仰方面維持自己獨特的神明系列，其中天后與關公是全體華人共同信仰的神明。同奈省邊和市寶龍區客家人一開始不崇拜天后與關公，則供奉自己的祖師。此傳統使得寶龍客家人與其他華人社群持著一段距離，在其他華人的眼中，祖師信仰顯示未標準化的色彩。由於經濟、社會壓力的帶動，客家人把三祖師崇拜轉型成為有利於跨族群融合的天后信仰，其方式主要是在原來的祖師崇拜基礎上覆蓋上了天后聖母的表面話語。「內祖外聖」－－轉型之後的天后信仰一直發揚，舊時的傳統果實沒有改變。作為活躍的知識分子，客家族群領袖為此轉型事項作出貢獻，其目的有二，一是跨華人社群融合，二為構建與維持客家人特色。此外，其轉型事項也滿足於本社群邁向越南當前社會的目標。本論文採用文化學中的標準化理論以及基於背景的解釋和重新解釋理論，來分析客家人的「信仰偽裝」現象，進而提出客家人對文化進化與跨境的前途作出討論。同時，本論文進一步探討各方的多邊互動和隱藏話語。 There are around 823.000 ethnic Chinese people in Vietnam, of which 95% are living in the South. Due to historical and social backgrounds, the dialectic groups (Cantonese, Hokkien, Hakka, Chaozhou and Hainanese) are quite distinct in term of dialects and popular traditions, and separate from each other. Each group maintains their own pantheon of gods and goddesses, in which the majorities come to worship Tianhou and Guan Di (or Guan Gong). The Hakkas in Buu Long (Bien Hoa city, Dong Nai province) are the one uniquely worshipping the craft master gods (祖師). This remarkably creates a challenging gap among the Chinese dialectic groups as well as discloses the heterodox nature in their own tradition under the eye-views of local standardized authority. Under sophisticated backgrounds and definitely serious pressures, the Hakka decided to transform the long-lasting craft masters worship into a more integrative model - the Tianhou cult, by overriding new cult on the surface. ＂Craft masters' spirit is under goddess' might＂, the open discourse has been wide-spreading although there have almost no significant change in either belief or practice. Remarkably, the transformation currently seems to be illogically managed and not to be stabilized. As a matter of fact, the local Hakka elites have brainstormed and implemented the change under the aims both cross-dialectic groups binding and identity preservation. Furthermore, they also struggle for an advanced and manageable integration process into the broader Vietnamese society. The research is to investigate the disguise to seek for the continuous efforts toward ＂evolving standardization＂ and solidarity binding through the charismatic efforts of the local Hakka elites, through which the research further discusses multilateral interaction and hidden discourses of the partners engaged.

There are around 823.000 ethnic Chinese people in Vietnam, of which 95% are living in the South. Due to historical and social backgrounds, the dialectic groups (Cantonese, Hokkien, Hakka, Chaozhou and Hainanese) are quite distinct in term of dialects and popular traditions, and separate from each other. Each group maintains their own pantheon of gods and goddesses, in which the majorities come to worship Tianhou and Guan Di (or Guan Gong). The Hakkas in Buu Long (Bien Hoa city, Dong Nai province) are the one uniquely worshipping the craft master gods (祖師). This remarkably creates a challenging gap among the Chinese dialectic groups as well as discloses the heterodox nature in their own tradition under the eye-views of local standardized authority. Under sophisticated backgrounds and definitely serious pressures, the Hakka decided to transform the long-lasting craft masters worship into a more integrative model - the Tianhou cult, by overriding new cult on the surface. ＂Craft masters' spirit is under goddess' might＂, the open discourse has been wide-spreading although there have almost no significant change in either belief or practice. Remarkably, the transformation currently seems to be illogically managed and not to be stabilized. As a matter of fact, the local Hakka elites have brainstormed and implemented the change under the aims both cross-dialectic groups binding and identity preservation. Furthermore, they also struggle for an advanced and manageable integration process into the broader Vietnamese society. The research is to investigate the disguise to seek for the continuous efforts toward ＂evolving standardization＂ and solidarity binding through the charismatic efforts of the local Hakka elites, through which the research further discusses multilateral interaction and hidden discourses of the partners engaged.