傳統醫學失去話語權的關鍵時刻－－以日本漢方醫學為例

The Turning Point from Climax of Japanese Kampo Medicine in Meiji Period

自古以來日本和中國交流密切，傳承自中醫學的漢方醫學一直是日本傳統醫學。日本明治維新（西元1868-1911年）運動，為「求知識於世界，大振皇國之基業。」而全面學習西方知識，醫學教育與醫事制度亦全面向歐美強國學習，因此漢方醫學面臨存亡危機。明治十六年（西元1883），日本政府發佈第三十五號太政官布告，「醫師免許規則」造成了漢方醫學後繼無人的危機，此規則隱含有任漢方醫學自然滅絕之意。日本漢方醫學界從各方面發起復興漢方醫學活動，除了政治上的請願活動，漢醫界積極推動提昇漢醫學術涵養的措施，主要有成立漢醫學校、漢方研究團體、建立漢方醫院以及創辦漢方醫學期刊。明治末年東京帝國大學教授三浦謹之助、山下順一郎分別發表〈關於針灸治療〉、〈和漢藥的價值〉報告，和田啟十郎（出身西醫，兼通漢醫）出版《醫界之鐵椎》，在學界引起巨大迴響，使許多學者對「漢方無用論」的觀點是否正確提出反思。醫學的存續與否關乎於醫學教育（知識傳承）、醫術的傳承（人才培養）以及臨床療效的呈現等因素，而這些因素與國家政策、社會人文環境皆息息相關。 Exchanges in many ways between China and Japan have been known since ancient times. Kampo medicine, which derived from the Chinese medicine, had always been the traditional Japanese medicine. In order to ＂seeking knowledge in the world, boosting imperial possession＂ during Meiji Restoration (1868-1911 AD), Kampo medicine faced survival crisis as Japanese government decided to comprehensively adapt Western knowledge system of medical education and medical affairs. In Meiji sixteen years (in 1883), the Japanese government released the No. 35 bill regarding licensing rules of Kampo medicine which implied the natural extinction of Kampo physicians and their successors crisis. In addition to political petition, there were many activities held by the Kampo clinicians such as establishing Kampo medical schools, Kampo medicine research groups, Kampo medicine hospitals and Kampo medical journals for the revival of Kampo medicine. Later, Professor Miura and Yamashita proposed the value of acupuncture and Kampo medicine, and then Dr Wada published a relevant book which caused a huge response in the academic community. This forced many scholars to think if Kampo medicine was really of no value. The sustainability of medicine counts on medical education (knowledge transmission), medical skills heritage (personnel training) as well as the presentation of clinical efficacy. All these factors are closely related to national policies, and socio-cultural environment.

Exchanges in many ways between China and Japan have been known since ancient times. Kampo medicine, which derived from the Chinese medicine, had always been the traditional Japanese medicine. In order to ＂seeking knowledge in the world, boosting imperial possession＂ during Meiji Restoration (1868-1911 AD), Kampo medicine faced survival crisis as Japanese government decided to comprehensively adapt Western knowledge system of medical education and medical affairs. In Meiji sixteen years (in 1883), the Japanese government released the No. 35 bill regarding licensing rules of Kampo medicine which implied the natural extinction of Kampo physicians and their successors crisis. In addition to political petition, there were many activities held by the Kampo clinicians such as establishing Kampo medical schools, Kampo medicine research groups, Kampo medicine hospitals and Kampo medical journals for the revival of Kampo medicine. Later, Professor Miura and Yamashita proposed the value of acupuncture and Kampo medicine, and then Dr Wada published a relevant book which caused a huge response in the academic community. This forced many scholars to think if Kampo medicine was really of no value. The sustainability of medicine counts on medical education (knowledge transmission), medical skills heritage (personnel training) as well as the presentation of clinical efficacy. All these factors are closely related to national policies, and socio-cultural environment.