中文摘要 |
One may expect that concepts, such as ‘all’, ‘only’, ‘again’, ‘very’, ‘first’, ‘next’, and ‘tomorrow’, are adverbs or nouns, yet they all behave like verbs in Thao. Are there any genuine adverbs at all in Thao? There must be at least a few. For example, the form mani ‘also’ is always invariable and its occurrence in a sentence is relatively free. Similarly, the form maʃna ‘even’ is also invariable and it usually occurs before a noun or subject of a clause. The same is true of the time word tiɬa ‘yesterday’. The same or very similar phenomena may also be found in other Formosan languages. It is interesting to see how similar or dissimilar the adverbial verbs and adverbs in Thao behave in other languages. I have compared them to those in a closely related language, Favorlang, in this paper.
研究臺灣南島語言的人都知道,除了動詞跟名詞以外還一些語法詞,但是很少談到有沒有副詞這個詞類。學者也注意到英語跟漢語的副詞在南島語言常以主動詞來呈現,那麼南島語言到底有沒有真正的副詞?這是本文所要探討的問題,並以邵語作為研究的題材。「所有」、「只有」、「經常」、「再」、「很」、「首先」、「其次」、「明天」等這幾個語詞在英語都是副詞(或名詞),可是在邵語卻都當主動詞用,只不過常需要其他動詞才能成為合語法的句子,這一類的語詞我們可以管它們叫作狀語的動詞(adverbial verbs),其實也是動詞的一分類。邵語到底有沒有真正的副詞?本文認為至少有這幾個:「昨天」、「也(是)」、「即使,甚至」、「(不)太」,在邵語都只用來修飾動詞,它們的形式固定不變,在句子中的位置也相對地自由,也就是說它們具有副詞的特性。本文也考察跟邵語關係密切的費佛朗(Favorlang)語,是否也有類似的現象。結果我們發現這兩種語言的差異頗大。不像邵語,費佛朗語的「所有」、「只有」、「再」等語詞都當副詞用。不過,費佛朗語的「也(是)」也跟邵語一樣當副詞用。 |