從櫥窗到花車：菲律賓政黨體系轉變之剖析

From Showcase to Bandwagon: Exploration into the Transition of the Party Systems in the Philippines

政黨政治在菲律賓已經存續超過一個世紀，其不僅是菲國人民參與政治的主要管道，而且也是該國民主發展的關鍵機制。這套機制雖然在「馬可仕時期」曾經被迫停擺，但是在「人民力量革命」的衝撞下，政黨又再度恢復其功能。不過，「民主轉型」（後馬可仕時期）後的菲律賓，似乎不再是過去兩黨輪替的政黨體系型態，取而代之的是多黨林立的現象；該情形並不符合憲政學理的常軌。對此，相關學者認為 1987 年憲法的頒行似乎是最重要的關鍵，惟該部憲法到底是如何導致菲國的政黨體系轉變呢？雖然沒有取得定論，但是他們卻一致發現「恩從關係」的現象始終充斥其間。基於此，本文除了援引日本學者粕谷祐子（Yuko Kasuya）教授的「總統花車模式」作為印證的基礎外，也嘗試從歷史制度主義的觀點，進一步探討菲國的總統選舉與政黨體系轉變的邏輯關係。 Party politics of the Philippines is known to have been in existence for more than one century. Not only is it the main channel for people to participate in politics, but it is the key mechanism for safeguarding democratic development as well. Although the democratic politics in the Philippines was once suspended during the 'Marcos period', the function of party politics had been restored after the 'people's power revolution'. However, during post-Marcos era, the party system in the Philippines was transferred from a bipartisan rotation pattern to a multi-party pattern. It was true that such a situation did not conform to [the] constitutional theory in the usual way. With regard to the multi-party political practice, some professional scholars believe that the Constitution promulgated in 1987 should be the crucial factor, though there is still no definite answer to the question of how the Constitution resulted in the transformation of the party system. Despite all the arguments, these scholars consistently found that the “patron-client relationship” was present through all political circumstances that followed. In view of this, this article cites the idea of [a] “Presidential Bandwagon” by Japanese scholar Kasuya Yuko as the basis of further study and aims at exploring the logical relationship between the presidential election and the transformation of the party system in the Philippines from the perspective of historical institutionalism.

Party politics of the Philippines is known to have been in existence for more than one century. Not only is it the main channel for people to participate in politics, but it is the key mechanism for safeguarding democratic development as well. Although the democratic politics in the Philippines was once suspended during the 'Marcos period', the function of party politics had been restored after the 'people's power revolution'. However, during post-Marcos era, the party system in the Philippines was transferred from a bipartisan rotation pattern to a multi-party pattern. It was true that such a situation did not conform to [the] constitutional theory in the usual way. With regard to the multi-party political practice, some professional scholars believe that the Constitution promulgated in 1987 should be the crucial factor, though there is still no definite answer to the question of how the Constitution resulted in the transformation of the party system. Despite all the arguments, these scholars consistently found that the “patron-client relationship” was present through all political circumstances that followed. In view of this, this article cites the idea of [a] “Presidential Bandwagon” by Japanese scholar Kasuya Yuko as the basis of further study and aims at exploring the logical relationship between the presidential election and the transformation of the party system in the Philippines from the perspective of historical institutionalism.