| 英文摘要 |
Production of genetically modified (GM) crops is currently concentrated in just a few countries. In 2001, 99% of GM crops was produced in four countries: US 68%, Argentina 11.8%, Canada 6% and China 3%. Crop-wise, GM soybean made up 63% of global GM planting area and GM corn accounts for 19%, followed by GM cotton (13%) and GM canola (5%). In terms of the global planting area, GM soybean and cotton accounted for 46% and 20%, respectively. Two major genetically modified organisms (GMO) traits in 2001 were herbicide tolerant crops, accounted for 77% of all GM crops, while Bt maize accounted for 11%. Legislation enacted worldwide to regulate the presence of GMOs in crops, foods and ingredients, necessitated the development of reliable and sensitive methods for GMO detection. In this article, protein- and DNA-based methods employing western blots, enzymelinked immunosorbant assay, lateral flow strips, Southern blots, qualitative-, quantitative-, real-time- and limiting dilution-PCR methods, are discussed. Where information on modified gene sequences is not available, new approaches, such as near-infrared spectrometry, might tackle the problem of detection of non-approved genetically modified (GM) foods. The efficiency of screening, identification and confirmation strategies should be examined with respect to false-positive rates, disappearance of marker genes, increased use of specific regulator sequences and the increasing number of GM foods.
基因改造食品之生產集中在少數國家，以2001年為例，百分之九十九集中在四個國家，美國佔百分之六十八，阿根廷百分之十一點八，加拿大百分之六，中國大陸百分之三。以種類分，最重要四類及其全世界基因改造食品生產面積百分比分別為大豆（百分之六十三）、玉米（百分之十九）、棉花（百分之十三）及油菜子（百分之五）。基因改造大豆及玉米生產面積各佔其全世界生產面積的百分之四十六與百分之二十。2001年生產之最重要的基因改造作物品系百分之七十七為耐除草劑作物，而Bt玉米則佔百分之十一。由於全球均有檢驗作物、食品中基因改造生物之需求，使得可靠又準確檢驗基因改造成分之方法極為迫切。本文探討以蛋白質為檢驗基礎的西方墨點法、酵素連結免疫吸附法、檢驗試條及南方墨點法；以及以DNA為基礎的定性聚合酶鏈反應法、定量聚合酶鏈反應法、即時聚合酶鏈反應法及稀釋聚合酶鏈反應法。如果改造基因序列不明時，近紅外線光譜法可用於檢驗基因改造成分。檢驗中要探討篩選、鑑定及確認之有效性，以免產生偽陽性，並符合不再使用基因標示、特定調控序列之大量使用以及基因改造食品數目大幅增加之需求。 |
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