新疫苗技術、佐劑與接種方式   全文下載

New Vaccine Technologies, Adjuvants and Delivery System

免疫接種為達成預防感染疾病最經濟有效之方式。疫苗成功地使人類防禦遭受感染，從全球根絕痘瘡，並消滅地域性小兒麻痺症。新科技繼續生產許多有效的生物製劑以控制疾病。各種技術，包括遺傳因子重組，蛋白質合成化學，與免疫調節，應用於新疫苗的開發與對現用疫苗的改進。這些科技創製了非活性與活性弱化的菌株疫苗，並且供給更為有效的製造方法來生產蛋白質抗原，細菌性多糖穎，與多糖類～蛋白質結合疫苗。佐劑為加進於疫苗製劑之化合物以增進與抗原的特異性免疫反應。佐劑可分為幾類，包括鋁化合物、表面活性劑、細菌性化合物，和遲延性釋放物質。非離子性重聚化合物所做成的複合性乳化劑，似蛋白質微粒化合體可應用於各種疫苗的佐劑。理想的疫苗接種需要能控制其接種方式達到適當的抗原濃度，並在生理狀況下維持疫苗的安定性。微粒性化合體可應用於抗原的控制釋放，而單一同源抗體之胜類可增進黏膜性IgA抗體之生成。

Immunization represents the most cost-effective means to achieve the prevention of infectious diseases. Vaccines successfully protected humans from serious infections resulting in worldwide eradication of smallpox and regional elimination of poliomyelitis. New technologies continue to provide many effective biological products for disease control. Various techniques including recombinant DNA approaches, peptide synthesis chemistry, and immunomodulation have been applied to the development of new vaccines and improvement of existing vaccines. These technologies have constructed avirulent and attenuated strains to be used as live vaccines, as well as provided more effective manufacturing methods to produce protein antigens, bacterial polysaccharides (PS) and PS-protein conjugate vaccines. Adjuvant is an agent added to biologics that augments specific immune responses to antigens. Adjuvants can be divided into several classes including aluminum salts, surface-active agents, bacterial derivatives and slow-release materials. Nonionic block copolymer as a multiple emulsion, and proteinoid microspheres were also developed for use in various vaccines. The ideal vaccine delivery system depends on the capabilities of the controlled delivery system to achieve optimum concentration of antigens, while maintaining vaccine stability under physiological conditions. Microspheres were used for controlled release of antigens whereas peptides of monoclonal antibodies were applied for enhancement of mucosal IgA antibody formation.