《大清律例．刑律．鬬毆》與和諧秩序的想像

The Great Qing Code•Criminal Law•Fights and the Imagination of Harmonious Orders: The Debt Disputes and Violence among Immigrants in Areas of Sichuan, Shanxi and Hubei in 19-Century China

十九世紀的中國叛亂叢生，日常生活中的暴力被激化，時人如何看待暴力、運用暴力以應對生存環境的變遷與威脅，是一個值得探究的面向。本文以社會日常生活中普遍性的鬥毆行為探求其中關於暴力的心態。首先，利用《清嘉慶朝刑科題本社會史料輯刊》，以其中川陝楚地區客民錢債糾紛及其鬥殺案件，觀察邊境社會特殊情境下顯著的暴力現象，進而連結到普遍性的日常生活中的鬥毆行為。其次，由法律文化的觀點，分別討論地方官員面對小額錢債糾紛與及其鬥毆事件如何實踐法律規範、民眾法律行為（捏控鬥毆）的意義，呈現社會看待鬥毆的心態及運用暴力的諸多可能性，這一部份則是以十九世紀後期樊增祥編撰的《樊山批判》為主要材料。十九世紀中國社會對於民事糾紛與鬥毆暴力的認知、記憶與心態，可以在古代中國文化中追溯其根源，包括集體主義、和諧觀、仁政思想等等，一再呈現於皇帝與高級官僚的論述中。以上國家與社會，皇帝、官員與民眾，政治思想、法律思想與民間法律常識，以及社會情境等等，眾多要素共同建構了容許暴力存在的空間；可以說，鬥毆暴力深深嵌入了十九世紀中國社會的日常秩序之中。

The 19-century China was chaotic and inundated with rebellions. The daily violence was intensified. It's worth discussing over how the people of the time treat violence and take advantage of violence to respond to the changes and threats in living environments. In this paper, the common fights in daily social life were employed to probe into the attitudes towards the violence. First, debt disputes and fight cases among immigrants in the areas of Sichuan, Shanxi and Hubei recorded in the Selected Compilation of Historical Materials about Society in the Routine Memorials to the Ministry of Justice During the Jiaqing Reign, Qing Dynasty are investigated to observe the significant violence phenomena in the particular circumstances, such as frontier society and further connect them with the common daily violence. Second, from the perspective of legal culture, it separately discussed over how local governors practice legal norms and the significance of public legal behaviors (false accusation of causing bodily harm) to understand the social attitudes towards fights and its application. In this part, Fan shan Pi pan (樊山批判) written by Fan Zengxiang in late 19th century was used. The cognition, memory and attitudes towards civilian disputes, fights and violence of 19-century China can be dated back to ancient Chinese cultures, such as collectivism, harmonious views, benevolent policies, etc., above which were repeatedly demonstrated by the emperors and senior bureaucrats. The foregoing elements, i.e. nation and society, emperor, officers and citizens, political thoughts, legal thoughts and common sense of civilian laws, social circumstances as well as other factors create a space for tolerance of violence; it can be said that fight and violence were deeply rooted in the daily order of 19-century China.