「高尚其事」的張良──論留侯《周易》形象之歷代生成及時代意義

Zhang Liang that “Sets His Pursuits Higher” as the Shang Jiu (Nine of the Upper) in Hexagram Gu: A Discussion over the Historical Development and Function Positioning of the Liu Hou Image in I Ching

張良，楚漢相爭劉邦陣營的最大謀臣，說他感知天意一手打造劉邦成為天子也不算誇張。一個韓國遺民，原意復仇與復國，卻陰錯陽差追隨劉邦，屢為之出謀劃策。他，究竟有何過人之處？可以讓劉邦言聽計從，進而助之成就大位。而在功業成就後，又選擇身退，留下聲名。在風雲變幻的政治局勢中灑脫轉身，超然於名利之外。他的入世、他的出世、他的謀略、他的風範，他與劉邦間的君臣情誼與不離不棄，至不惜捨命相隨，以及功成名就後的雲淡風輕，歷代《易》家一直有不少論述，甚至津津樂道。本文從卦義、卦象來分析，從各種層面來思考，以分析張良如何成就劉邦、成就天下、更成就自己，進而成為中國歷史上傑出的「帝者師」。並從中建構張良的《周易》形象，從秦時張良、楚漢相爭時張良、漢時張良論其合宜定位。最後以宋人觀點「高尚其事」（〈蠱‧上九〉）來歸結這段歷史的高尚情懷及所反映的時代意義與變遷。最終開拓《周易》的境界論，即便歷經千年仍風韻猶存、風采依然。

It is never too exaggerative to state that Zhang Liang was the greatest counselor to understand God’s will to help Liu Bang (Emperor Gaozu of Han) in the Chu and Han Contention and built Liu’s reign. Zhang was merely an adherent of Han who contained vengeance for his country; yet he accidentally became Liu Bang’s minister and constantly provided ideas and plans for Liu. What was his specialty that made Liu Bang follow whatever he said, and then became an emperor eventually? Moreover, after achieving such success, Zhang chose to resign; his aloof attitudes from fame and fortunes in a political condition that constantly changed won great reputation. Scholars of I Ching have always been discussing and praising Zhang for several reasons, including how he appeared to help the world, how he rejected great powers; his wisdom of stratagems, his styles of living; his monarchical affection and connection to Liu Bang, as well as his detached attitudes after becoming famous. To conclude it, meanings and divinatory prophecy of trigrams are to be analyzed with thoughts of various aspects to consider how Zhang Liang not only helped Liu Bang to win the world but also achieved himself, so that to become an outstanding “teacher of the emperor” in Chinese history. Furthermore, the image of I Ching for Zhang Liang is to be constructed; starting since Chin Dynasty, going through Chu and Han Contention, till Han Dynasty, proper positions of Zhang Liang are to be discussed. Last but not least, a perspective of “setting his pursuits higher” from Shang Jiu (Nine of the Upper) of Hexagram Gu in Song Dynasty shall be adopted to induct this noble sentiment in the history, which still lingers with charm and charisma after thousands of years.