蘇東坡禪意詩特質與《維摩詰經》關係研究

Explore the Relations between Tung-Po’s Zen Poetry and The Holy Teaching of Vimalakirti

蘇東坡生長於四川眉山，青少年時代的生長環境，將佛教帶入其日常生活，同時決定其一生與佛教不解之緣。東坡生活在一個禪悅之風盛行的時代，在攻讀儒家經典的同時，亦廣泛涉獵佛教典籍，並從中吸取養分，由此所形成的禪意詩，無論在內容或技巧上，時時可見佛教思想影子。或於詩歌中加入佛教哲學闡述思想，或用詩的語言來闡述佛理意趣，或用詩歌記述生活中的禪林、禪事、禪思。綜觀東坡援用之佛典，可見他對《華嚴經》、《般若經》、《金剛經》、《維摩詰經》等均有研習，本文則以其詩作中大量援用的《維摩詰經》為例來探討之。蓋在東坡禪意詩中對於《維摩詰經》之典故、詞語、佛理援用頗多，特別突出表現於如下幾點：不二法門，無言禪境；無常苦空，宴坐以觀；結習已斷，花不著身；圓融無礙，大小相即；傳燈不盡，取香飯眾；以禪為詩，發顯至味。意即其禪意詩在在表現出東坡對《維摩詰經》的重視、參悟與實踐，並將所悟之佛理內化為曠達的人生觀，用以超脫生命中的順逆遭遇。

Su Tung-Po grew up in Meishan, Sichuan province. The growing environment in his early teens not only brought the Buddhism into his daily life but was doomed to form a lifelong and indissoluble bond between the Buddhism and Su. Su lived in an era of dhyana pleasing. Therefore, besides studying Confucianism, he also read Buddhism classics extensively to absorb the quintessence in it. The belief of Buddhism is accessible both in the content and on the skill of this kind of Zen Poetry. He adds Buddhism philosophy to his thinking, explaining Buddhism philosophy by poetry further. By making a comprehensive survey of the Buddhist sutra using in Zen Poetry, we can find that Su Tung-Po knows The Avatamsaka Sutra, The Lankavatara Sutra(The Flower Garland Sutra), The Lotus Sutra, The Holy Teaching of Vimalakirti, The Vajra Prajna Paramita Sutra(The Diamond Sutra) intimately. Hence, the purpose of this essay is to go into the idea of The Holy Teaching of Vimalakirti cited in Su Tung-Po’s Zen Poetry. Su Tung-Po uses a lot of allusions, phrases and philosophy of the Buddhist sutra. Below are the most distinctive features. The only way to transcendence is from the meditative Zen silence. Impermanence and essential emptiness make the suffering in life unreal. No longer pick up old habits just as you’ll never be stained with falling petals while walking through flowers. Lead a life of perfect harmony and interbeing. Handing down the light of Buddhism and prolonging the Buddha’s wisdom benefit all beings. Transforming Zen into poetry is to illustrate more profound meanings. Tung-Po’s Zen Poetry suggests that he puts emphasis on meditation and practice of The Holy Teaching of Vimalakirti. Su internalizes the understanding in Buddhism, makes it his broad-minded philosophy, and uses it to be the key of transcending the ups and downs in life.