智慧財產權懲罰性賠償制度研究

Punitive Damages on Intellectual Property

我國現行的智慧財產權法以補償性損害賠償為主，法定賠償為輔，用以填平被侵權人的實際損失。但是由於智慧財產權的無形性和侵權方式的隱蔽性，現行立法難以準確計算出權利人的實際損失。依據現行立法，權利人獲得的賠償數額往往低於其實際損失，無法真正起到補償被侵權人損失的目的。縱觀國外的立法和司法實踐，英美法系國家在傳統的補償性賠償的基礎上，引入了懲罰性賠償制度。對於惡意侵犯他人合法的智慧財產權的行為，給予懲罰性賠償。我國在現行的《商標法》中引入了懲罰性賠償制度，但是在《專利法》和《著作權法》中還未正式引入該制度。我國的立法和司法實踐中應如何對待懲罰性賠償，在將其引入到我國司法中如何與現有的損害賠償體系相銜接，在具體適用的過程中應如何操作該制度，都是我們需要解決的問題。在我國智慧財產權領域引入懲罰性賠償制度的同時，也要注意的是，由於我國的法律體系沿襲了傳統的大陸法系國家的傳統，在保持原有的法律體系的基礎上，對懲罰性賠償的適用應設定相應的配套限制機制，防止該制度被過度運用。在智慧財產權制度層面上要設置相應的智慧財產權價值評估機制，完善許可備案登記制度，為智慧財產權的權利人在市場交易中設定侵權信息披露義務，並通過建立相應的信譽機制，納入國家的社會誠信體系。最大限度地通過制度設計防止惡意侵犯他人智慧財產權行為的發生，從而維護良好的市場競爭秩序，促進智慧財產權的轉化和運用，為權利人的創新提供法律制度保障。

Our current Intellectual Property law is given priority to compensatory damages; statutory compensation is complementay, to bridge actual losses of the right holder. But because of the concealment of the invisibility and the way of infringement of intellectual property rights, the current judges can not accurately calculate the actual loss. Basis on the current legislation, the amount of compensation is often lower than the actual loss and cannot really play the purpose of compensate the damage of the right holder. Throughout most ofthe foreign legislation and judicial practice, common law countries on the basis of the traditional compensatory damages, has introduced the punitive damages system for malicious infringement. In the existing Trademark Law in China, punitive damages have already been introduced, but in the Patent Law and Copyright Law, punitive damages has not yet formally introduced into the system. How punitive damages should be treated in our country's legislation and judicial practice and how to link up it with the existing compensation system. In addition, because of the traditional civillegal system of our country, in order to maintain the original on the basis of legal system, we should set restriction mechanism on the application of the punitive damages to prevent excessive use. First, we need to set up the corresponding intellectual property value assessment mechanism to improve the system of 1icensing and registration. Second, for the right holder of the intellectual property, we should give information disclosure obligations in market transactions for infringement by establishing corresponding credit mechanism in the country's social credit system. To maximum the interest of the right holder, legislator should design corresponding system to prevent malicious infringement of intellectual property so as to maintain a good market competition order, promote the transformation and application of intellectual property rights, and for safeguard the innovation of the right holder.