社會憲治：刑法合憲性控制的一種思路

Societal Constitutionalism: A Deliberation on Constitutional Control of Criminal Law

在現代社會，刑法的合憲性控制不僅意味著通過實定憲法原則對政治權力（立法）進行限制，而且還應當超越國家──社會（政治－－法律）二元結構考察社會諸領域危害的刑法定罪與量刑標準。社會憲治是社會子系統與法律（經濟－－法律、媒體－－法律等）間的結構耦合，是社會諸領域自我規制失效時的外部規制。社會憲治是功能分化條件下實定憲法的重要補充，也是罪刑法定實質內容在政治－－法律關係之外的判斷標準。在社會憲治下，基本權利的功能也從限制政治權力擴展到防止社會子系統過度膨脹。刑法運作必須識別社會憲治原則與社會諸領域茁生的基本權利。例如在經濟領域，刑法應堅守限縮解釋，尊重經濟系統的自我反思機制；而在社會隱私權保護中，刑法則應當積極介入，保護具有連接社會系統與個體功能的隱私權實質內容。隱私權是基本權利（促進個體溝通自由），也是社會憲治意義上的結構耦合（防止自系統無限擴張）。

In modern society, the constitutional control of criminal law does not refer to restrictions on political power (legislation) by the positive constitution, but also focuses on the transcendence of the dual-structure of state-society (politics-law) by observing standards of criminalization and sentencing in different social spheres. Societal constitutionalism is the structural coupling of social subsystems and law (economy and law, media and law, etc.). Societal constitutionalism is an important supplement to positive constitution under the functional differentiation of modern society. It is also the standard for judicial judgment of the substantive content of the principle of 'legality' beyond the scope of politics-law relationship. Under the societal constitutionalism, the function of fundamental rights has transformed from restriction on political power to prevention on the over-production of social subsystem. The operation of the criminal law must recognize the principle of different societal constitutionalism and the emergent fundamental rights in different social spheres. For example,in economic system, criminal law needs to be restrained on its interpretation, while respecting the self-reflexive mechanism of the system; in the privacy protection, however, criminal has a more positive role to play. It should protect the substantive contents of the right to privacy which have the function of connecting social systems and individuals. The right to privacy is fundamental right to strengthen the freedom of individual communication. It is also the structural coupling under societal constitutionalism to restrict the infinite growth of social systems.