從“居住有其屋”到“住有所居”－－我國民法典分則創設居住權制度的立法構想

Shift from the Fulfilment of Owning the House to Utilizing the House

淵源於羅馬法的居住權制度廣泛存在於歐洲、美洲、非洲和亞洲諸多國家與地區的民法典中，我國2007年制定《物權法》時未納入該制度，實屬立法政策上的失誤。當前民法典分則立法應於物權編創設居住權制度，此舉具有重大理論與現實意義，不僅可以更好地解決弱勢群體的住房問題，而且可以更好地體現所有權人的意志。具體而言，我國民法典分則物權編應圍繞居住權的一般規定、居住權的設立、居住權登記、居住權的限制、居住權人的使用權、居住權人的義務、所有權人的義務等十二個方面對居住權制度做出系統性規定，從而在豐富我國用益物權體系的同時，為經濟發展與社會變遷提供法律管道，實現我國住房之策由“居住有其屋”向“住有所居”的轉變。

The right of inhabitation originates from Roman Law, and nowadays exists in numerous civil codes of many countries and regions in Europe, America, Africa, and Asia. However, Chinese Property Law (2007) doesn't adopt this right, which actually is a mistake of legislation policy. At present, Chinese Civil Code legislation should establish the right of inhabitation. This move has significant theoretical and practical meanings: on one hand, it can preferably solve the housing problem of underprivileged groups; on the other hand, it can preferably reflect the owner's will. Concretely speaking, the Property Part of Chinese Civil Code should systematically stipulate the right of inhabitation, including the twelve aspects such as the general provisions, setting up, limitation, and so on. Based on these, the legislation of the right of inhabitation will enrich Chinese usufructuary right system and supply legal pipeline for the economic development and social changes.