論公物公眾使用收費的標準

The Fee Standard of Public Using Domaine Public

公物公眾使用收費過高或不當的免費都存在公平、效率等問題。現有學說對收費判斷的標準過於空泛、單一，無法反映複雜的現實，也難以給予實踐有效指導，需要更精細化的研究。影響收費與否及定價的主要因素包括需求的基本性、資金來源、價格調控的合比例性、自然公物還是人工公物、使用習慣、受益對象和受益範圍與時機、自願的意思表示等。這些因素需要進行綜合權衡，在一定條件下發揮作用，從而類型化出免費、成本性收費、效率性收費、營利性收費和混合性收費五種收費與定價的具體方式。

Public use of domaine public concerns efficiency and fairness in both situations of unaffordably high fees and unreasonably free use. The existing theories provide vague and oversimplified explanation of fee standards and fail to reflect the complexity in reality and to guide practice effectively. Therefore, it is necessary to elaborate the topic further. The main reasons affecting whether there is a fee or how high the fee should be: whether there is a primary demand; where the funds are sourced from; whether the pricing tool is accorded with the principle of proportionality; whether the domaine public is natural or factitious; what the user habits are; who the beneficiaries are and where and when they are benefited; and whether they are voluntary or not. These ; factors need to be comprehended holistically. Hence, these factors will ly free; fee covering basic costs; fee on efficiency; fee for profits and mixed fees.