航空產品責任案件管轄權的確定：美國實踐及其啟示

Determination on Jurisdiction of Aviation Product Liability Cases: U. S. Practices and Its Implication

航空產品責任是美國乃至全球航空事故索賠訴訟的一個難題。該類案件具有 顯著的國際性特徵，因此決定了其國際管轄權的分配。美國法院在航空產品責任領域適用屬人管轄理論，基於當事人和國家利益，針對四類產品責任案件，積極利用持續“業務活動”聯繫因素、“代理機構”理論、“商業流通”標準、“公平正義”傳統觀念，抑制適用不方便法院原則，靈活調控案件，使其回歸本國管轄。中國製造的C919大飛機不久將進入國際市場，為防範航空產品責任訴訟氾濫和防止與中國有關的案件流向他國法院，中國司法實踐可借鑒美國經驗，對域外發生的航空產品責任案件，謹慎適用不方便法院原則，將其視為一種例外規則，適度擴張管轄權，做到“管”“拒”自如，以保護航空器製造商和國家的核心權益。

Aviation product liability is a difficult problem in claiming compensation in litigation of aviation accidents in U. S. and other parts of the world. With its explicit international characteristics, it decides international jurisdiction of cases. U. S. follows the principle of personal jurisdiction in this arena. As to four categories of aviation product liability cases, based on the interests of the parties and the State, U. S. courts positively use theory of business operation and agency, combined with stream of commerce tests and the traditional rationale of reason and fairness, refraining from applying the principle of forum non-conveniens, intentionally manipulating the jurisdiction, and bring it back to U. S. counts. Aircraft C919 manufactured by China will soon enter the international market, to prevent too much arbitrary in this cases and avoid cases relevant to China following into other jurisdiction, China is encouraged to learn from U. S. judicial practices. As to the cases taken place outside China, China's courts should cautiously apply the principle of forum non-conveniens and consider it as an exception to apply jurisdiction in a fit and proper way, effectively combining 'hearing' and 'refusal', so as to protect the core interests of the country and aircraft manufacturer.