明清民間法律規則考析－－以“書約”為例

On the Nongovernmental Laws and Regulations of Ming and Qing Dynasties: From the Perspective of the Shuyue

傳統社會有耕讀傳家的傳統和敬惜字紙的風俗，這兩點洽好使愛書、護書成為眾多家法族規、鄉規民約的必書條款。明清時期藏書業發達，涉及藏書和書籍流通的家法族規、行業規約大量出現，並形成“書約”這種現象。一些以藏書為業的個人、家族逐漸將家法族規、鄉規民約關於愛書、護書的一般義務規定提升為單獨和專業性的善藏、善守之約，在藏書業界也出現書籍收藏、流通等方面的合約規定。“書約”的出現，豐富了民間法律規則的形式和內涵，是考察民間“公”“私”觀念的獨特視角。在近代私權觀念傳播大環境下，眾多私人封閉式藏書樓卻紛紛向現代公共圖書館轉型。“書約”開始退出民間法律規則體系，被更具開放性、公益性、現代性的圖書章程制度取代，當中的“化私為公”，也是民間法律規則向現代轉型的一個縮影。

Traditional society has the culture of cultivation and reading, and the habit of cherishing paper. A lot of family laws have provisions in this regard. Collection of books in Ming and Qing Dynasties is very popular, which help Shuyue appear in large numbers. The library began to develop a special library management system, and the industry of collection circle also appeared in the relevant provisions. Shuyue enriched the form and connotation of civil law rules, which help us understand the concept of public rights and private rights. Since modern times, the concept of private rights is widely spread, many modern libraries are beginning to appear. Library regulations began to replace Shuyue. This is a microcosm of the civil law system to modern transformation.