以客觀歸責理論限定不作為犯的先行行為

Restricting the Advance Behavior in the Crime of Omission with the Theory of Objective Imputation

有必要將客觀歸責理論適用於不作為犯領域，在先行行為的限定上發展出一套教義學規則體系與判斷標準。首先，以客觀歸責理論限定先行行為的一般規則是：第一，先行行為製造了一個法不允許的危險，在其啟動了面向法益損害的因果流程時，行為人為避免損害發生須切斷該因果流程；第二，先行行為與法益損害結果問須具有規範保護目的關聯性，即其產生的危險正好在構成要件該當結果中實現；第三，先行行為創設的危險處於被害人或第三人答責範圍時，排除保證人地位的成立。其次，以該理論限定先行行為的具體運用是：合法駕駛行為、餐館正常售酒行為、生產銷售產品、正當防衛不產生先行行為保證人地位；緊急避險、故意犯罪行為可以產生先行行為保證人地位。

The theory of objective imputation should be applied to the crime of omission. It is necessary to structure a set of dogmatics rules and judgment criterion in the restriction of the advance behavior. First of all, here are the general rules which restrict the advance behavior by the theory of objective imputation. Firstly, the advance behavior created a danger that is not tolerated by the law. When it starts a causal process that faces the damage of legal interest, the actor must cut off the causality in order to avoid the damage. Secondly, there is the relevance in protective purpose of norm between the advance behavior and the damage of legal interest. Namely, the danger is just realized in the result according with the constitutive requirement. Thirdly, the guarantor status will be excluded when the danger is in the responsibility range of the victim or the third party. Next, below are the applications of restricting the advance behavior with the theory of objective imputation. Legitimate driving, normally selling alcohol in restaurant, production and sale of product, justifiable defense do not lead to the guarantor status of the advance behavior. Emergency refuge and intentional crime can cause the guarantor status of the advance behavior.