儒家美學「心源論」之要義、特質與當代意涵

The Conceptions, Features and Contemporary Implications of the Heart-Origin Theory in Confucian Aesthetics

近年來藝術學者已重新省思藝術精神性與藝術家全人發展之重要性，期能再喚回對藝術表現中精神層面之注重，以及澄清藝術對個人與他人轉化之功能。因當前藝術世界中普遍存在不確定性之藝術觀念，藝術學習者輒對藝術之意義與價值、藝術家之主體性與角色，乃至藝術家與他者之關聯等感到迷惑與徬徨。儒家美學心源論對藝術主體之心靈提供具有深度之透視，且闡明人與自己、人與他者間之關聯與藝術精神性之意義。故本研究之目的包括：（一）分析儒家美學心源論之要義，包括先秦儒家與宋明理學所言心之面向；（二）闡釋儒家美學心源論之特質與當代意涵。本研究討論儒家美學心源論涉及之主要觀念，包括秦儒家所言天人合一、仁、明德、中和、正氣，以及宋明理學所言之發而中節、萬物一體、本心、良知等。其特質與當代意涵包括：（一）確立藝術主體之真實自己且澄清當代藝術精神性之意義；（二）呈顯藝術境界之整體性與圓滿性；（三）彰顯藝術體、相、用之合一，此涉及藝術主體（真心之體、心靈境界之相、心與行為之運作或創造之用）與藝術表現（內容或精神之體、形式之相、效果之用）；以及（四）提出自我超越之方法。

Recently, art scholars have reconsidered the spiritual in art and the importance of the artist’s holistic development, in order to recall attention to the spiritual dimension in art expression, as well as clarify art function to transform self and others. Because the uncertainty concerning art conception is prevalent in the current art world, art learners often feel confused and hesitative about the meaning and value of art, the subjectivity and role of artist, and even the connection of the artist to the other. The heart-origin theory in Confucian aesthetics provides deep perspectives of the spirituality of art subject (artist), and illuminates the connections between one and himself or herself, one and the other, as well as the meaning of art spirituality. Therefore, the objectives of this study are twofold : (a) to analyze the conceptions of the heart-origin theory in Confucian aesthetics, including those of pre-Qin dynasty and those from Shun to Ming dynasty; and (b) to interpret the features and contemporary implications of the heart-origin theory in Confucian aesthetics. The main conceptions discussed are harmony of human and Nature (Heaven/Universe), perfect virtue (Jen or Ren / Man-at-his-best, benevolence and compassion), bright virtue, the states of equilibrium and harmony, vast qi’ (connected with a sense of Justice and the Way), appropriateness, oneness of all beings, original heart, and perfect knowing (intuitive ability to know right or wrong). The features and contemporary implications involve: (a) to affirm the Self (true self/ true heart) as art subjectivity and clarify the meaning of contemporary art spirituality; (b) to reveal the wholeness and perfection of artistic state of mind; (c) to reveal the integration of the subject (Self), state of mind, and function of the artist, as well as of the content, form, and effect in art expression; and (d) to propose the methods for self-transcendence.