農業生物技術研發方向暨其在產業上的應用策略

Research and Development of Agricultural Biotechnology and the Strategy for their Industrialization in Taiwan

自1953年發現DNA的雙股螺旋狀結構以來，正式開啟了現代生物技術的紀元。現代生物技術是一種利用解讀及調控遺傳基因、改變生物程序、利用生物細胞及其代謝物質來製造產品、進行品種改良及創新及疾病預防與治療等的工具。不但是一種跨學門的整合性科學，更是研究生命科學、醫學、農學、生物工程的基本工具。現代生物技術在農業上的應用主要有以下幾個方面1、基因工程。2、植物組織培養技術。3、植物單倍體培養。4、原生質體融合。5、胚胎移植及胚胎分割。6、生物個體複製技術。7、蛋白質或酵素工程。8、單細胞蛋白生產與微藻類培養。9、有益生物菌製劑。10、組織培養生產二次代謝產物。11、植物人工種子。12、動物用生物製品開發，疫苗及疾病檢測試劑。生物技術是以產品開發為目的之綜合性應用生物科學生物。臺灣除有著深厚的農業基礎外，還有多樣化且獨特的熱帶與亞熱帶生物資源，加上近年來政府的鼓勵政策，在生物技術的研發方面已累積了可觀的能量。民國88年更成立了跨部會的「農業生技國家型科技計畫」，一方面持續推動生物技術的基礎研究，另一方面則致力於研究成果的產業化。經十年來的努力生物技術在植物種苗、花卉、動物用疫苗、水產養殖、畜禽、生物性肥料及生物性農藥等產業方面的應用已有顯著的成就。自民國94年開始，經濟部工業局加入了國家型計畫的團隊，更將農業生技的研發成果推廣至食品、環保、醫藥、酵素、及肥料農藥的製造業，至今成功的完成了52案，增加該等產業的產品的年產值數十億元。盤點產業化的結果，顯示至今約近50%的農業生物技術研發成果，尚未成功的技術轉移，就其原因可能是本國的傳統產業承接新技術的能力尚待加強。未來如何協助產業界培養人才、建立業界與學研界的夥伴關係、善用農委會及經濟部的產學合作、技術推廣、業界科專、學界科專以及創投等獎勵措施，促成創新產業，可能是未來努力的方向。

Since the discovery of the double helix structure of DNA in 1953, scientists have opened a new era of modern biotechnology. Modern biotechnology is a kind of technology to utilize, interpreting and regulating hereditary gene for changing the biological process, making use of biological cells and the metabolic material to make products, improving and innovating assortment, and prevention from the diseases and treat etc... Modern biotechnology is not only a kind of integrated science but also basic tools for the research of life sciences, agricultural science and biological engineering. The application of modern biotechnology on agriculture mainly is in the following several respects: genetic engineering, plant tissues culture technology, the culture of monopoid of the plant, the cell fusion technology, the embryo transfer and divide-up embryo, the animal cloning (duplication) technology, the protein or enzyme engineering, the production of unicellular albumen and the cultivation of little alga, beneficial microorganism preparation, the production of second metabolites by tissue cultures, artificial seed of the plant, the development of bio-product, vaccine and disease diagnosis reagent for use on the animals. Biotechnology is an integrated applied science and is product oriented. In recent years Taiwan has accumulated considerable capacity related to the research and development of biotechnology because of the well established agricultural foundations, rich in biological resource with diversification and unique tropical and subtropical varieties and the encouragement policy of the government. Beginning with the year of 1999, Taiwan government has established a “National Science and Technology Program for Agricultural Biotechnology” on one hand promote the basic research of biotechnology continuously, on the other hand is devoted to the industrialization of the research results. Over the past ten years, there are apparent achievements in the field of plant seed, flowers, vaccine products for animals, aquaculture, biological fertilizer and biological pesticide, etc….. Beginning with the year of 2004, Industry Bureau of Ministry of Economic Affair has joint the program to bridge the research results to the industries of food, environmental protection, medicine, enzyme, and fertilizer pesticide. So far successful completion is 52 cases, increase the annual output of the products of these industries of hundreds millions of New Taiwan Dollar. Check the result of industrialization, reveal about nearly 50% of the achievement of research and development have not yet successfully transferred to industries. Apparently, to strengthen the ability of traditional industry for the carry on the technology transfer is necessary. In the future, how to assist the industry to train the personnel and to build the partnership between the industry and research community are the urgent work. Good uses of the governmental resources are also the way to speed up the industrialization of agricultural biotechnology.