從政策觀點與產業觀點來解析歐盟環境指令

From the Perspectives of Policy and Industry to Analyze the EU Environmental Directives WEEE

環境保護為二十一世紀重要的經濟與社會發展議題，由所歐盟（European Union；EU）主導的環境保護政策，更對當代企業管理帶來深遠的影響。自 2003年起，歐盟針對全球電機電子設備製造廠商制定一系列的環境保護規範–WEEE（廢電機電子產品回收指令）、EuP （生態化設計指令）以及 RoHS （有害物質禁用指令），統稱歐盟環境指令（EU Environment Directives）。歐盟實施環境指令的目的為解決日益嚴重的電機電子設備環境污染，以法令明確的規範任何在歐盟境內市場中，從事電機電子設備與產品製造的業者，在產品開發與設計活動上、產品製造與包裝活動上、產品行銷與市場販售活動上，後端廢棄物回收，以及產品能源消耗與溫室氣體排放，並且提高產品的生態環境保護績效。然而，指令實施如雙面刃般，勢必衝擊全球電機電子設備產業，如台灣電機電子設備產業依賴商品出口與國際合作，歐盟環境指令之實施會衝擊廠商的營運，如生產成本提高、客戶需求變動，以及歐盟市場貿易阻礙等。因此，本研究由此探討歐盟環境指令實施對台灣電機電子設備產業帶來營運衝擊面向，以及台灣電機電子設備廠商如何因應此一系列指令實施，以改變不利的競爭地位。本研究結果發現，台灣電機電子設備廠商普遍感受歐盟環境指令實施帶來的營運衝擊，且試圖透過環保/生態化產品開發、生產流程環境品質改善、供應商-顧客綠色供應鏈建構等環境管理策略，減緩環境指令實施所造成的生產成本遞增、顧客需求變動等衝擊。

Environmental protection has been a significant issue for economic and social development in the 21st century. The environmental development policy that is led by European Union has resulted in a profound impact to contemporary enterprise management. The EU Commission has enacted a series environmental protection regulation for global electrical and electronic (E&E) equipment industries in 2003. The environmental regulations include: (1). WEEE Directive; (2). EuP Directives; (3). RoHS Directive. The main purpose of implementation of above EU Environment Directives is to address environmental problems raised from the human use E&E equipment, such as use of hazardous substances in E&E equipment, waste E&E equipment recycle and treatment, E&E equipment energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, the implementation of EU Environment Directives aims to reduce the environmental problem of people use E&E equipment, and to improve the environmental protection performance of products and manufacture process. However, the EU Directive will have its impacts toward the global E&E equipment industries. Taiwan’s E&E equipment manufactures in particular. This is because the implementation of EU Directives cause has increased production cost, changes in customer demand, and the negative impact of trade barriers. This research has explored some significant issues as followings: How EU Directives do impact the Taiwan’s E&E equipment industry? How Taiwan’s E&E equipment manufacturers do response to the implementation of EU Directives, and cope with the competitive disadvantage. The finding of this study has found that the Taiwan E&E equipment manufacturers operating under the impact by the implementation of EU Directives, and the manufacturers attempt to implementation the environmental strategies, such as eco-product development, production environmental quality improvement, and building the suppliers-customers green supply chain.