敦煌出土《唐判集殘卷》中的法律與社會問題 ──兼論唐代「判」的傳播

A Study of Legal and Social Problems in the Dunhuang Manuscript 'Tang-Pan-Ji' and the Spread of 'Pan' in the Tang Dynasty

《唐判集殘卷》是敦煌出土文獻中有關唐代「判」的文獻資料，同時也是一本唐代流通於士人圈中的試判參考書。總計19道判，其中第2、第6、第16、第17道判，均屬雙判型態，即各有兩道不相統屬的判題，總計23事例。《唐判集殘卷》的其中一個個案曾經出現在日本《令集解》中的註釋書《古記》中，從而可以探討「判」集在唐代知識圈的傳播及其意義。唐代判詞的世界，相當豐富且精彩。但長期以來，因為判詞堆疊典故，不易通讀，以致受到學界長期忽略。《唐判集殘卷》有著豐富的法律與社會問題，確實非常值得重視，也值得深入討論與分析。本文主要就是探討《唐判集殘卷》的判題判詞中所涉及的法律與社會問題，從而得以瞭解該判集應該植基於非常現實的社會環境，且造作判詞者深具法律意識，對唐代法律條文與司法流程也非常嫻熟，這使得該判集具有極強的現實性，益發凸顯其重要性。

This paper investigates 'Tang-Pan-Ji', a piece of manuscript reveale from Dunhuang. It was completed in the early eighth century AD and served as a critical reference when selecting official tests in Tang Dynasty. In this document, there are a total of 23 cases, where some parts of them are dual types of verdict belonging to two distinct subjects. Within the 19 examinations, one of them has ever appeared in the Japanese legal instruments, indicating a significant spread of 'Pan' in the intellectual community. The Pan-Wen in Tang Dynasty provides enriched cultural and recreational activities. However, it has been ignored by academic community due to the reading difficulty and literary allusions greatly employed. Nevertheless, 'Tang-Pan-Ji' offers a profusion of legal and social issues deserving investigation and analysis. This paper discusses the legal and social problems involved in the verdict of 'Tang-Pan-Ji.' The articles of law and the judgment are established by highly-trained professionals under the realistic social environments, leading to the verdict of a profound influence in Tang Dynasty.