學校運用博物館資源進行主題式教學之探討：以日本三個博物館為例

An Exploration of Topic Teaching Using Resources from Science and Technology Museums

九年一貫課程改革的推動，引起社會大眾普遍的重視與關心，在新課程標準之下，教學活動首重學生的自導學習，期望學生由主動的探索中來建構個人的知識，所以學習如何「學習」與學習環境的營造便成為教學的重要課題。主題式教學被視為是能將分立、零碎的學科內容轉換為統整課程的有效方法之一，其標榜的即為尊重兒童發展興趣、連結兒童生活經驗、以兒童為中心、統整不分科的開放式課程組織和教學型態，與當前中小學教育所強調的課程特質相符。而本文所關心的是，博物館在此種主題教學的教育型態中，能扮演什麼角色，才能達成博物館輔助中小學教育推廣的目標。科技類博物館在進行展示規劃時，經常運用主題網的方式來建構科際統整的展示內容，配合上鼓勵自導學習的展品呈現方式，實為主題式教學良好的知識建構學習情境，對重視課程統整的九年一貫課程而言，是極有價值的輔助資源。本文以探討博物館展示主題的建構方式和主題式教學的關連性，以及博物館輔助學校教學現況，來說明在主題合適的狀況下，博物館提供的服務是學校進行主題式教學的有效資源。並以東京科技類博物館（國立科學技術館、未來館、橫濱兒童科學館）的展示架構與學校服務內容為例進行實例驗證。最後運用研究所得，提出為提昇學校運用博物館資源進行主題式教學的效益與動機，分別針對學校教師和博物館提出相關建議。

The revolution process of Grade 1-9 Curriculum has brought great concerns to the public. Under the new curriculum standards, educational activities have a focus on students’ own learning. Students are expected to construct individual knowledge by self-exploration. Therefore, how students learn and how to create effective learning environments are important issues in teaching. Topic teaching can be considered as an efficient way to coordinate individual and separated subjects to integrated curricula. It addresses children’s interests and connects learning with their daily experiences. Children-oriented teaching methods and integrated open class structures are in accord with the curricula in the current middle and elementary schools. This article discusses what role museum should play in topic teaching method and how museum can achieve its outreach goal in primary and secondary schools. Subject networks are often used to construct the contents of different exhibitions at the technology museums. In addition, the exhibitions are designed to encourage self-learning. Subject networks and self-learning approach are invaluable teaching resources museums can offer to Grades 1-9 Curriculum that stresses integration. Using examples from the exhibitions and the services provided for school teaching at the Tokyo Technology Museum and the author’s research, this article suggests how science and technology teachers can use museums to enhance their teaching.