實踐進路的哲學：儒學之工夫論與哲學詮釋

Confucian Moral Cultivation and Philosophical Hermeneutics

孔子在《論語》中回應弟子門人問「仁」的方式總是「為仁」的方法，即如何由實踐中證立「仁」。孔子在回答其他重要的概念時，都是以如何能達成諸如君子、孝、智、政，等等，孔子都是以如何實踐為教。因此，本文以《論語》「學而第一」的第一章分析論證《論語》實是一部「工夫論」的哲學，或是一超乎哲學的「教」。孔子之教奠定了中國哲學是一實踐進路的哲學。孔子自述一生之進境，即顯示生命境界之不斷擴展，層層上升，最後達至「踐仁成聖」的境界。而孔子之「踐仁知天」即由實踐工夫所至的對於絕對而無限的天命天道的體證。聖人的生命不但由實踐知天，而且體現最高存有之天道於生命，即是以工夫實踐詮釋最高存有，也是生命的最高價值的實現，此可名為工夫詮釋學。實踐工夫的詮釋是攝物歸心，與物無對，生命至此體現仁者與天地萬物為一體之全部意義與價值。實踐進路的詮釋不但不同而且有進於觀解的進路。觀解理性所見仍不免有相和有主客對立之弊，未能真正體現無我而與物一體之境界。

In The Dialects, when Confucius responds numerous times to hisdisciples asking what ren is, Confucius always offers a way to practiceren. Confucius responds in the same way when asked about otherimportant concepts Hence, The Dialectsis a book of moral cultivation. Thus it is a book of philosophical teaching for life, much more thanjust a philosophy. Confucius lays the foundation of practical approachfor doing philosophy. In moral practice, life starts an upward and expandingdevelopment and revealing a richer and richer horizon and life world. When Confucius talks about the stages of his own life it is an upwarddevelopment of his life in “realizing saintliness through practicingren,” and ultimately arrives the state of a sage at seventy. And, throughhis moral practice of “realizing Heaven (Dao) through practicing ren,”Confucius achieved the highest level of life by realizing personally theHeavenly Mandate or Dao in his life. It is a practical way ofinterpreting the Dao and thus a hermeneutic of Dao or the highestBeing. I call this a moral cultivation hermeneutic of Dao. In moralpractice, the heart/mind of the person resolves with the object and theother, and unify the world as One without a subject-object dichotomy,It is different and fares better in hermeneutic of the world than thewestern way of understanding the world with theoretical reason. For,the latter could not be totally free from limited and biasedsubject-object dichotomy and could never achieve a state of egolessholistic world view. Thus moral cultivation hermeneutic is adistinctive way of understanding the human life and the world and is the way of transcending the limitation of theoretical reason.