家庭農場有競爭力嗎？匈牙利家庭農場的矛盾──借鏡丹麥與南韓的成功模式

Family-Based Farming-Can It be Competitive? Dilemmas on the Farm-Size in Hungary-Successful Patterns in the World: Denmark and South Korea

本文的主要目的是比較在歐盟（EU）架構下，一個丹麥成功家庭農場的範例，與屬於亞洲新興發展工業化經濟體的南韓之農業合作體系之異同。丹麥與南韓這兩個國家相距極遠，然這兩個國家在農耕模式上有相似之處，比如兩國的農民均接受極多的來自政府的補貼，如缺少這些補貼，兩國的農業將無以為繼、甚而是極為脆弱的；尤有甚者，兩國的農民均參與農業合作社，此一非營利組織的是會員的共同資產；此外，這兩個國家的農民均在各自所擁有或是租來的農地上耕作，此時，農業合作社對於農產的銷售管道即辦了極重要的角色。除了前面所提及關於丹麥及南韓兩國農耕方式的相似點之外，這兩個國家的農耕亦有不同之處。第一個差異是，丹麥的農耕模式主要是源自於19世紀後半期的有機發展模式而來，此種模式並不因期間的政治事件或是均是顯著的軍事衝突而受影響；至於南韓的小農的土地結構與合作社體系則是源自於1940年代的土地改革基礎之上；又兩國的另一個差異是兩國農業合作社特質的不同，丹麥的合作社主要是產品與特定產出的體系，而在南韓則大部分是以領土為基礎的一般農業體系。除此之外，畜產品出口在丹麥向來是農業最重要的目標，而在南韓的首要目標則是滿足國內糧食需求，因而南韓農業最重要的稻米的生產。最後，南韓的農民因為耕地面積遠小於丹麥農民所擁有或是耕種的面積，即便整體而言領取相對於丹麥農民較高的政府補貼，然相較於丹麥農民、南韓農民是更易受害的。作者相信經由本文對丹麥與南韓二國家庭農場之檢視，可以將可行的經驗與構想提供給相關專家與決策單位。

The goal of this study is to give an insight to and make a comparison between the agricultural co-operative systems of Denmark, - a success story of the family based farming even in the frames of the EU, - and of the Republic of Korea (South Korea), one of the Asian newly industrializing economies (ANIEs). Although Denmark and South Korea are quite far from each other, there are similarities between their farming model which can be summarized as follows. In both countries farmers receive huge amounts of subsidies, in lack of which they could not be competitive or even viable. Moreover, in both countries farmers are integrated to cooperatives which are their common properties and which operate on a nonprofit basis towards their own members. Furthermore, farmers in both countries work individually, separately on their own (or rented) lands, while co-operatives play important role in other stages of the supply chain. Besides the aforementioned similarities there are major differences which are as follows. The Danish model is a result of a long, organic development which looks back to the last third of the 19th century. It was not hindered by political events or military conflicts in a noticeable extent. In Korea, the land structure (miniature farms) and the co-operative system was developed from the late 1940’s on the basis of a politically motivated land reform. Another difference is in the characteristics of the cooperatives, In Denmark they are commodity- or product-specialized, while in South Korea they are mostly work on territorial basis with a general agricultural profile. In addition, in Denmark, the export of animal products has always been the most important objective of the agriculture while in South Korea the main goal is to meet the domestic food demands and its main sector is the rice-dominated plant production. Furthermore, Korean farmers are more vulnerable, as their farmlands are much smaller than the same of Danish farmers, they receive even proportionally higher budgetary subsidies to their production. The author believes that the examination of this topic may serve with adaptable experiences and useful ideas for specialists and policy makers.