東漢校書考

A Study of Collation in the Eastern Han Dynasty

西漢劉向歆父子的校書活動及其學術史意義，前人抉發已多，而幾乎同樣重要的東漢校書卻在古典學術史上隱而不彰。本文系統梳理了東漢時期歷次校書始末，指出東漢校書遞有賡續，幾成定制。史籍所見較大規模的東漢官方校書約有四次，分別在光武、安帝、順帝、靈帝時期。東漢校書體式多承續劉向歆父子，廣集異本，校讎比勘，分類部次，內容則以「整齊脫誤，是正文字」為主。東漢蘭臺、東觀猶以《別錄》、《七略》的分類方法部次典籍。本文進而將東漢校書的學術史意義歸納為三個方面：一、光武時期校定圖讖，宣布天下之後，學者皆須採錄，緯書開始以官方意識形態得到大力宣揚並廣為傳播。二、東漢系統校定了西漢以來博士經學的經本正文與傳記家法。靈帝校書成果刊於石碑，立於太學。其文本以一家定本為主，附記其餘官學文本異文，從而統一了諸家官學文本，改正私家俗本之謬，基本杜絕了「私改蘭臺漆書以合私文」的現象。三是校理文獻的過程促進了兩漢經學風貌的嬗變與古學之勃興，催生了相關文字訓詁著作。校理者參合諸本，攷文審字以校異同的文獻整理方式，也進而推擴為薈萃群經、乃至綜採今古文以求經義的經學研討方法。

There has already been much scholarship examining the collation carried out by father and son Liu Xiang 劉向 and Liu Xin 劉歆during the Western Han dynasty and its significance. In contrast, similar work undertaken during the Eastern Han, though equally important, has been relatively overlooked in the history of classical scholarship. This article systematically examines collation during the Eastern Han dynasty, identifying a continuous progression. The historical record shows that around four major official collations took place during the Eastern Han, specifically during the reigns of the emperors Guangwu 光武, An 安帝, Shun 順帝, and Ling 靈帝. Eastern Han dynasty collation largely continued to follow the form established by Liu Xiang and Liu Xin: different versions of the text were collected, collated, corrected, classified and ordered, emphasizing the completeness and freedom from errors and omissions. The Eastern Han court and palace libraries used classification methods similar to those in the Bielu 別錄 and Qilüe 七略. This paper summarizes three aspects of Eastern Han dynasty collation’s significance. First, after the ancient augural texts had been collated and proclaimed during the reign of Emperor Guangwu, scholars were required to take note of them. The official ideology embedded in these apocryphal texts then began to be strongly and widely propagated. Second, during the Eastern Han, the main body of the Confucian classics, biographies, and scholarly theories and methods were systematically collated from the scholarly writings of Western Han court academicians. These authoritative texts were then carved onto stone steles and learned by scholars throughout the empire. Third, the collation undertaken in this period also spurred an evolution of Confucian classics studies and a sudden rise in the study of the old texts, ushering in related exegetical works. Collators consulted and synthesized each of the texts, carefully comparing them and examining the characters using a method similar to that employed when collating different documents.