康有為《教學通義》撰作時間考辨──兼論其思想之轉折

An Investigation of the Dates of Kang Youwei’s Jiaoxue Tongyi andon the Changes of his Thoughts

《教學通義》是康有為（1858-1927）光緒十七年刊印《新學偽經考》前的重要作品。據康氏《我史》所記，此稿成於光緒十二年，然若與康氏其他著作相參，不無可疑。本文第二至六節分別據《民功篇》，光緒十四年之書信、上書、筆記，康氏之殘存日記，以及光緒十五年〈與沈刑部子培書〉，與《教學通義》相比對，並分析《教學通義》立論之歧異處，重新勾勒康有為的思想發展脈絡：康有為可能於光緒十三、四年因注意西方制度而留心《周禮》，後受章學誠（1738-1801）論「官師合一」之制所啟發，始著手寫作《教學通義》。細繹此稿，可窺見康氏由「治教合一」轉為「君師二分」之跡，以及接受廖平（1852-1932）《今古學考》對今學、古學之區分，成為其日後倡議孔子創教改制的契機。

Jiaoxue Tongyi is one of the most important works in Kang Youwei’s (1858-1927) early years. It was written in 1886 based on Kang’s Wo shi. Though this statement has been accepted in academia, it seems doubtful if we compare Jiaoxue Tongyi with Kang’s other writings. According to Min gong pian, the written statement to high authorities, the letters to the ministers, the extant diary of Kang’s, and “Yu Shen xingbu Zipei shu,” Kang might draw inspiration from Zhang Xuecheng (1738-1801) and started to write Jiaoxue Tongyi in late 1888. At first, Kang advocated Zhang’s idea of “guanshi heyi” (officials and teachers are identical) with special attention to Zhou li (Rites of Zhou). While getting disappointed about the political situation, he turned his opinion into “guanshi fenli” (officials and teachers cease to be identical). He then adopted the doctrine in Liao Ping’s Jing gu xue kao and declared that Confucius reformed the political system by writing Chunqiu (Spring and Autumn Annals). This article will contribute to clarifying Kang’s changes of thoughts.