中國社會主義法治國下憲法與黨章的辯證──從規範憲法學與政治憲法學的路線之爭談起

Two Constitutions Building the Socialist Rule of Law with Chinese Characteristics?: The Debate Between Normative Constitutionalism and Political Constitutionalism

在二○一六年習近平被確立為中國共產黨第五代領導核心後， 其所提倡的全面依法治國、全面從嚴治黨的戰略布局成為中國特色 社會法治國的發展路線。此一發展路線不僅促成黨內法律規範的體系化，亦引發了「黨大還是法大」的憲政問題。 對此，本文主要探討黨章與憲法兩個法律體系的憲政論衡以及堅持共產黨領導和依法治國如何在中國社會主義法治國下的開展。 申言之，本文以當代中國憲法學下規範憲法學與政治憲法學的兩大 思路，來分析「中國憲法學」這個學科如何體現並完善「堅持黨的 領導」這個中國特色的核心，以及如何在中國社會主義法治國的概念下權衡憲法權威與政黨權威二者。此外，本文亦比較社會主義法治國（Der sozialistische Rechtsstaat）在中國與東德的概念內涵。對 於社會主義國家而言，如何切割代議憲法、人民主權、法治國三者連貫的現代性，並重新嫁接馬克思列寧主義、共產黨領導的歷史使命代表和民主集中制三個核心思想乃成為建構社會主義法治國所須面臨的理論課題。而透過此一比較將有助於中國重新思考社會主義法治國的真正意涵。

After China's Communist Party (CCP) has declared that Xi Jinping as ‘Core' Leader of the fifth generation in 2016, his layout strategies for “comprehensively govern the nation according to law” and “comprehensively strictly govern the party” have been further developed into the political line of the “Socialist Rule of Law with Chinese Characteristics”. This triggers a debate on the supremacy of the Constitution versus the supremacy of the party. This article explores the relationship between the Constitution of the People's Republic of China and the Constitution of the Communist Party of China, and how constitutional theories are helping to illuminate the persistent leadership of the CCP under the “Socialist Rule of Law with Chinese Characteristics”. The difference between normative constitutionalism and political constitutionalism, and the conflict between legal authority and authority of the CCP are concerned in this article. In addition, the concept of “Socialist Rule of Law” (Der sozialistische Rechtsstaat) is examined based on a comparison between China and East Germany from the perspective of democratic representation. As the socialist states seek to construct the “Socialist Rule of Law”, they have focused on how the modernity between representative constitution, popular sovereignty and the rule of law can be theoretical integrated into Marxism-Leninism, democratic centralism and the historical mission of communist party. This comparison is also possible for China, however, to rethink the character of the “Socialist Rule of Law”.