網路侵權中通知移除制度的檢視與完善

On the Review and Countermeasures of the Notice and Takedown Regime in Cyber-tort Regulation

通知移除制度是中國應對網路侵權而採取的主要法律制度之一，該制度在中國實施已達十六年之久，其理論和實踐狀況如何值得檢視。與美國的通知移除制度不同，中國的通知移除制度有其自身特色，例如其在侵權責任構成中的體系定位是歸責條款（而非免責條款）、該制度普遍適用於各項絕對權（包括人身權）等。中國通知移除制度呈現出的面貌是：在理論層面，網路服務提供者被課以較重的侵權責任，並易於誘發其「寧可錯移不可不移」的行為選擇。但實踐層面卻是，由於判賠的損害賠償金不高，網路服務提供者採取了「選擇性守法」方式，許多時候「寧可違法（賠償）也不移除」。法律對網路服務提供者課以移除義務的正當性在於：透過「通知」向網路服務提供者提交了符合法律規定材料的「通知人」，具備了真實權利人的外觀，在法律上被推定為真實的權利人。法院對網路服務提供者判賠的損害賠償金不高，其原因可從認識偏差、產業政策以及政治考量等角度來解釋。中國在通知移除制度的理論和實踐上的不一致，體現出中國平衡權利人和網路服務提供者間利益的方式是：對權利人採取「口惠而實不至」的安撫政策，對網路服務提供者採取「刀子嘴豆腐心」的務實政策。基於此，對通知移除制度的完善可考慮：在合理確定通知移除制度和知道規則二者間關係的基礎上，對合格通知的要求、不合格通知的法律後果、影響損害賠償金的因素等做出更清晰的說明。

The notice and takedown regime is one of key legal system to cope with cyber-tort in China. Since this regime has been enacted for sixteen years, the theory and effects need to be reviewed. The notice and takedown regime of China, which differs from the American's, does have some Chinese characters, such as the nature of this regime should be centered on liability fixation in China, which is an exemption clause in the USA; this regime could apply to all absolute rights in China, while only the copyright could be applied in the USA. The notice and takedown regime of Chinese characters perform in two aspects: from the theoretical view, the tort liability of internet service providers (ISPs) is severe, as well as induces “rather take contents down wrongly than keep them” when ISPs receive notices. However, from the practical view, due to the low compensation, ISPs take selective law-abiding attitude, which results in “rather afford compensation than takedown contents” in many cases. The ISPs' obligation of takedown should be justified. Although informers may not be right holders, the materials that informers submit to ISPs make them have the appearance of right hold- er. Therefore, the informers are presumed to be the right holder from the legal perspective. The factors which make the court judge low compensation are the inconsistence between the real idea of party and legislation, the industrial policy, political situation. The inconformity of theory and practice of the notice and takedown regime shows the way to balance right holders and ISPs in China. On the one hand, right holders are promised to be protected while the compensation is limited. On the other hand, ISPs are demanded severely in law, not in action. Above all, it is suggested that the countermeasures should be taken to improve the notice and takedown regime as follows: the relationship between notice and takedown regime and the knowledge regime should be determined reasonably, and then make clear the requirements of notice, the legal consequences of unqualified notice, the influence factors of compensation, etc.