新啟蒙：對美國政治言說的認知與跨文化分析

New Enlightenment–A Cognitive and Cross-Cultural Analysis of American Political Discourses

雷科夫由對美國政治言論的分析，提出新啟蒙的理念。他的分析展示了（1）政治觀念如何受家庭價值與理想的親子關係所框束、（2）框束的不同方式，以及（3）因框束不同而導致多種樣態的界定民眾所擁抱之價值與何者算是政治通念的認知模式。新啟蒙敦促民眾正視這種認知多樣性，並對政治言說作出相應的重新框束。通過一種批判性及跨文化的分析，本文論證何以按照雷科夫所描述的重新框束進行，反會弄巧成拙。本文提議宜調整重新框束的作法，並將之安置於一種更包容、鼓勵聆聽與有感理解的公民對話裡。

Lakoff proposes an idea of New Enlightenment in his analysis of American political discourses, which reveals (1) how political ideas are framed in terms of family values and ideals of parent-child relationship, (2) different ways of the framing, and (3) the resultant diversity of cognitive models that define values people embrace and what counts as common sense in politics. New Enlightenment urges people to face squarely the cognitive diversity, and to reframe political discourses accordingly. Through a critical and cross-cultural analysis, I argue that reframing, as portrayed by Lakoff, is self-defeating, and propose that it should be modified and incorporated into a more inclusive civic dialogue that encourages listening and empathic understanding.