基本所得之於當代福利國家的再思索：「所得」與「時間」的雙重隱憂

The Reflection of Basic Income in the Contemporary Welfare State: Income and Time Poverty

貧窮是個多面向的概念，除與所得貧窮有關外，亦與時間貧窮息息相關。當人們需面對的風險，已不單僅是經濟自主性的喪失，更包括時間自主性的流失下，本文亦將針對基本所得之於當代福利國家的啟發進行討論，並分為兩部份：首先，在理論層次的部份，即針對當代福利研究與傳統貧窮測量的侷限進行說明；其次針對制度層次的部份，則試圖透過與相關政策的比較，呈現基本所得之於當代福利改革的啟示。研究結果顯示，帶來「經濟效率－－社會平等」到「所得自主－－時間自主」福利邏輯轉向的基本所得，除有助生命歷程的去標準與彈性化外，更能帶領我們由個人／社會、權利／責任的二分窠臼跳脫而出，為當代民主政治開啟新的可能性。

Poverty is a complex concept that relates to both income (lack of money) and time (loss of control of time). From this perspective, a risk that we face today is not just loss of economic autonomy but also the gradual loss of autonomy with regard to time. Given these problems, this paper focuses on the effects of a basic income policy in contemporary welfare states. It is divided into two parts, theoretical and institutional. The first part discusses the major limitations of contemporary welfare discourses and traditional measures to relieve poverty. The second compares different institutions to demonstrate the potential advantages of a basic income for the reconstruction of contemporary welfare states. The paper concludes that a basic income policy can offer considerable advantages to welfare state reform by bringing about an ideological shift from economic efficiency and social equality to income autonomy and time autonomy. Such a policy would solve the problem of a standardized life course by making individual life courses more flexible and less institutionalized. This approach resolves the ironic dilemma between individual rights and social responsibility in a way that leads to further possibilities for contemporary democratic ways of life.