憨山德清的思想三論以《莊子內篇注》及《觀老莊影響論》為核心

Three Theses on The Thinking of Hanshan Deqing An Analysis of Commentary of The Inner Chapters of Zhuangzi and Observations on the Impact of Laozi and Zhuangzi

憨山德清是晚明高僧，深通三教，對於佛道義理尤見融貫。本文從「三教融通」的視點入手，以憨山兩部重要的作品《莊子內篇注》與《觀老莊影響論》為核·藉由分析憨山的思想，討論晚明的思想與三教關係，指出在國家出現一種隱沒失能的同時，廣義的知識份子（包含士大夫與僧人），如何思考重建當時的秩序9憨山可以是這個跨時間，跨三教的思想交融活動的代表之一。本文試圖以憨山思想中的「性」、「知」為核心，討論憨山對於「道」，「知」以及「治」的整體想法本文認為，憨山以「性」作為體證大道的基礎，在這個意義上。擴充這個三教同時具備，卻層次不同的概念，提供了上從本體，下至治理的可能介質。此外，在知的治動中，憨山讓三教的知識形成與知的活動有所對話，進一步也提供了對於三教的內聖外王學的融通認識本文認為憨山代表著晚明重拾經世之學的...個例子，透過憨山的思想分析，不僅可以看到晚明三教對話的實際樣態，也可以從這樣的側面中，看到經世致用之學與安頓自在之學從來就是不離的兩面。

Tri-religious fusion (or the syncretism of three religions), also known as the syncretism of the three teachings, was a part of statecraft from the early to late Ming dynasty. Hanshan Deqing was a famous monk during the late Ming dynasty who was actively engaged in tri-religious fusion, especially from the Buddhist dimension. This article is about the internal context of Hanshan's thinking, principally based on an analysis of his books Commentary of The Inner Chapters of Zhuangzi and Observations on the Impact of Laozi and Zhuangzi. This paper is divided into three parts. The first part is a discussion of the Dao (the great origin), and its relationship with Wu (non-being) and You (being). The second part is a discussion of nature, desire and cultivation. The final part focuses on the boundaries of political roles, political cultivation, and the ideal of non-action which offers a kind of platform for the three religions to conduct dialogue with each other. Hanshan tried to make a connection between his core ideas, which were centered around the Dao, epistemology, and the concept of rule based on human nature and knowledge. In this sense, he found that at different levels the three religions had the capacity to provide the dimension of governance with good order from the metaphysical dimension. Other than simply increasing knowledge about the three religions, the dialogue further provided a platform for understanding the tri-religious fusion. Hanshan advocated practicality when methodologically reviewing the connections between metaphysics and daily life. He explains how the principles of “Oneness and Manifoldness” work to bring the sacred and the secular into union. This exemplifies the fact that politics is not only a craft about state-building and governing, but also about bringing order to the secular world.