柬埔寨端華學校和寮國寮都公學辦學利基與制度生成之分析

The Study on Instutional Generation and School Niche of the Duan Han Chinese School and the Laos-Tou Chinese School

目前柬埔寨之端華學校和寮國之寮都公學，各自扮演當地華校教育的龍頭角色，帶領該國華校教育往新世紀開展。雖然兩校在歷史發展上有其共通性，但隨著外在環境改變，不但影響兩校的辦學利基，同時更展現兩校許多制度生成的差異。本文主要以文獻分析與實地訪談，首先從利基概念分析兩校的發展與未來遠景；其次再從管制、規範、文化－－認知等概念，探討兩校制度現況與生成歷程。從利基概念分析得知，所在國相關制度乃影響兩華校發展之關鍵因素，其次為當地華人社群的支持。雖然目前端華學校有著較大華人社群的支持，然因寮都公學明顯在學歷認可、教學品質、以及至大陸升學等利基因素較為優越，也因此發展前景似乎較為有利。而就兩校制度生成而言，同樣地政府法令的合法性要求，是形成兩華校各類制度生成最主要因素，其次則是老僑追求文化－認知之影響。只不過每當外在環境改變時，常會迫使學校更須彈性設計學校的制度。

The Duan Hua Chinese School in Cambodia and the Laos-Tou Chinese School in Laos have both taken major roles in Chinese education, and have led the Chinese school system in each country towards an new era. Although the historical development of each school has much in common, changes in the external environment have not only altered the educational niche of each school, but have also produced many differences in institution. This paper applies a review of the current literature and interview work to, first, analyze the development and future prospects of both schools from the concept of the 「niche」and, second, investigate the current organization and evolution of each school through the concepts of regulation, norms, and culture-cognition. Through application of niche analysis, we discovered that the institutional arrangement in the host country is the most important factor affecting the development of each school. The second most important factor is support from the local Chinese community. Although Duan Hua currently enjoys greater support from the local Chinese community, Laos-Tou has performed better in terms of accreditation, quality of education, and numbers of students going to mainland China for further education. For these reasons, Laos-Tou also enjoys greater prospects for future development. Similarly, the regulatory requirements of each government are the most important factor determining the instutional arrangements of each school. The second most important factor is the cultural consciousness of the Chinese diaspora – the cognition effect. However, whenever changes in external environment occur, schools are frequently forced to design a more flexible organization.