從地藏信仰源流看鹿港地藏王廟創建沿革與祀神

Examining the Construction History and Deities of Lukang Dicangwang Temple from the Origins of Ksitigarbha Belief

地藏信仰是台灣民間常見的信仰型態，相對於此，以地藏菩薩作為主祭神的祠廟卻較為少見，今日所知僅約68座，其中明確創建於清代者計八座，鹿港地藏王廟即為其一。本文通過歷史文獻與田野調查，重新針對鹿港地藏王廟的創建沿革、空間配置、祀神狀態等三方面予以考察，獲得了如下的結論：一、本廟的創建時間當以乾隆晚期最為可信，更準確的說，時間當在乾隆四十五年後；嘉慶八年前。二、就本廟建築沿革而論，它與鹿港紳商的社會教化事業有著緊密關聯，是其教化慈善事業的一環。三、本廟的空間配置與利用充分受到傳統禮教觀念（主／從與尊／卑）的影響，大致依循主祀、同祀、從祀原則進行空間的分配與利用。由內而外；先左後右，不同的神祇被奉祀於與其地位相對應的祭祀空間。四、從祀神而論，本廟是一典型的民間寺廟，在宗教屬性上繼承明清以來地藏信仰的混淆性特徵，不僅分屬佛、道二教來源的神明被並祀於同一廟宇；同時祭儀與經典的使用也是佛道並見。另外就主祀／從祀關係觀察，地藏配十殿閻君雖可溯源十王經，但玉曆寶抄影響更為深遠，民間化用佛道二教資源至為明顯。五、本廟所見地藏造型以諦聽座型態為主，顯現明清時代地藏傳說的時代特徵。至於神像之造像多呈僧人相；著袈裟；戴五方佛冠；右手持錫杖；左手捧缽；臉色多數為黑色（或黑褐色）。此種造像深受佛教經典制約，是依六朝以來地藏造像為其原型變化而生。

Ksitigarbha is a common religious belief in Taiwan. However, few temples have Ksitigarbha as the primary deity of worship. Among the 68 temples that primarily worship Ksitigarbha, 8 were confirmed to have been built during the Qing dynasty, among which is the Lukang Dicangwang Temple. Through conducting a literature review and field research, this study examined the construction history, spatial arrangement, and worship status of the Lukang Dicangwang Temple. The following conclusion was drawn: 1. The Lukang Dicangwang Temple was most likely constructed during the later years of Qianlong Emperor's reign. More specifically, the temple was built after Year 45 of Qianlong Emperor's reign and before the Year 8 of Jiaqing Emperor's reign. 2. Regarding the construction history, the Lukang Dicangwang Temple is closely connected to the social education undertakings of Lukang's business community, and is considered a part of the community's charity work. 3. The spatial arrangement and utilization of the Lukang Dicangwang Temple was influenced considerably by traditional ritualistic concepts (master-subordinate and noble-humble) and was determined according to the principles of primary worship, parallel worship, and subordinate worship of the deities. Worship should be conducted starting from within the temple and toward the exit and from left to right. Different deities are placed in areas of worship according to their status. 4. From the perspective of worship, the Lukang Dicangwang Temple is a classic folk temple that has inherited the complex characteristics of Ksitigarbha belief since the Ming and Qing dynasties, where both Buddhist and Taoist deities are worshiped in the same temple, and Buddhist and Taoist ritualistic scriptures are used together. When observing the primary worship-subordinate worship relationship, although the combination of Ksitigarbha and the Yamas of the Ten Courts can be traced back to Shiwangjing (the Scripture of the Ten Kings), the influence of the Jade Record is more prominent and is the most common scripture used in Buddhist and Taoist worship among the public. 5. Ksitigarbha in the Lukang Dicangwang Temple is depicted in a sitting position, reflecting the temporal characteristics of Ksitigarbha legends in the Ming and Qing dynasties. Ksitigarbha statues generally resemble the appearance of Buddhist monks. The Ksitigarbha statue is dressed in a kasaya and a five-Dhyani Buddhas crown, in his right hand is a khakkhara, in his left hand is an alms bowl, and his face is painted black (or dark brown). This religious style is deeply influenced by Buddhist scriptures and was derived from the Ksitigarbha style in the Six Dynasties period.