福利社區化實例分析－－以S社區為例

A Case Study of Community-based Welfare Service: Taking S Community as a Example

福利社區化是政府推動社會福利重要政策之一，但該如何推動？實際的成效如何？過程會遇到哪些問題？這些問題與社區或地方社會的關聯為何？社區又會如何面對這些問題？未來可否建立推動的機制？等等問題，到目前為止都仍有待進一步的釐清。本文的主要目的，即在於透過社區推動福利社區化的實例分析，藉以回答上述部份的問題，並期能對台灣福利社區化的發展有更進一步的瞭解。本文研究對象為K縣H鄉S社區，選擇該社區為分析對象，主因近年來該社區發展協會已有多項社會福利專案之推動，如老人餐食、樂齡學習、社區健康營造，及日間關懷照顧等項目。且以上項目皆以社區發展協會名義主動提出，為一典型的福利社區化發展案例，與本研究擬探討的旨趣相符。本文的研究方法主要為參與觀察與深度訪談，參與觀察部份係筆者近3年來協助該社區辦理相關專案活動的觀察與體驗，所整理的資料與心得；深度訪談部份則是在問題意識逐漸清楚後，針對特定關鍵對象，所進行的資料蒐集工作，這些訪談對象包括社區發展協會理事長、社區志工、專案工作人員、地方記者、縣政府社會處官員，及鄉長等人。本文研究發現，促使S社區發展協會辦理社福專案的正向因素，包括一位有熱忱、專業，及人脈關係廣的理事長當領導人；善用社區內的人力物力資源；組織的改革；政府資源投入等。反向因素屬社區內部有：缺乏核心團隊、社區居民公民意識不足，以及政黨與地方派系關係介入等問題；屬社區外部有：政策變動、地方派系政治作用、公務人員自保心態，及僵化的法規限制等問題，則也不斷地干擾。其結果雖然其正向因素自始就不斷累積與壯大，並遠遠超過反向因素的影響，故社區發展協會的能量足以接辦多項社福專案。只是很可惜地，理事長改選此一關鍵性的因素，讓全盤優勢難有著力之處，最後落得無疾而終的地步。

Community-based welfare service is one of the important social welfare policies in Taiwan. However, how would this policy be carried on? What impact and problems would have happened? What's the relation between those problems and communities? And what mechanisms would be built to solve these problems in the future? Those questions haven't been clarified so far. So the purpose of the article is to answer part of those questions and expect to have further understanding on community-based welfare services by a case study. S community is chosen to be the research objective because its versatile performances on social welfares such as aging meal supply service, aging learning service, community healthy building, and day care service. Moreover, those social welfares are proposed by Community Development Association itself. So it's a typical case with Community-based welfare services in accordance with our research interest. Participant observation and in-depth interview are the main methods to collect research data. The former method will gain all the documents and observation records and the latter method will get the interview records from particular persons such as the head of Community Development Association, community volunteers, professional project workers, local journalist, officers in county, and the head of township etc. Some interesting findings are as follows: on one hand, the main reasons why S community could do so much community social welfares are because the positive conditions including an enthusiasm, professional, and resourceful leader, abound of human and material resources, organizational reform, and governments' assistance have been built in. The other hand, though, the community inner negative factors such as lack of team work, having scarcely community consciousness, and the interfered by parties and local cliques, and the external factors including easily changeable policies, political interference, the mentality of public officials' self protection, and the rigid regulations have happened all the time. As a result, once the negative power overwhelms the positive power, all the efforts are in vain and community-based welfare service is destroyed completely.