論王船山「實理心」的涵義及其心性論與工夫論的關係

On Wang Chuan-shan's Theory of the Human Heart Conforming to the Cosmic Principle (Li) and the Relationship between Inherent Nature of the Heart and Efforts to Cultivate Goodness

本論文透過分析王船山論心，乃一「實理心」的涵義，以討論其心性論與工夫論的關係。首先分析船山所論之「氣」，其實乃純然一理，即一「理體」，並由理與心的關係，說明其論「心」也是一實理之體，乃合心與物於一體者。其次，根據船山的心性論討論其工夫論，指出船山極為不滿主張心「不容一物」的工夫之說，因其違反人性乃「心物一體」的義理。接著說明船山論成德的總工夫，乃在於「思誠」，其目的即是要求能貫通心物本末為一體。最後，簡略地開展船山「本貫於末」的工夫論之系統，乃包含「心意貫通之道」、「心身貫通之道」、「心物貫通之道」等三個課題。

This study analyzed Wang Chuan-shan's theory regarding the human heart and found that in effect the human heart conforms to the cosmic principle, or “Li” as it is called in Chinese philosophy. This concept is used to explore the relationship between the inherent nature of the human heart and efforts to cultivate goodness. First, the “disposition” in Wang Chuanshan's theory was analyzed; it was found that disposition itself is a principle. From the relationship between “Li” and heart, this study argues that the heart itself is part of Li in Wang's theory, which regards the heart and external objects as a unity. In addition, the efforts to cultivate goodness in Wang's theory were explored based on his ideas about the inherent nature of the heart, which elicited the argument that Wang was highly opposed to the theory that the heart is totally separated from the outside world. Wang' ideas concerning the efforts to cultivate goodness emphasize the importance of “sincere thinking”, which highly prizes the unification of heart and objects (noumenon and phenomena). Finally, such efforts of “unifying noumenon and phenomena” were briefly discussed, touching on the “way of unifying heart and mind”, “way of unifying heart and body”, and “way of unifying heart and objects.”.