《毛詩‧關雎序》王道理想之哲學的解析

A Philosophical Analysis of “the Tao of Kingly Ruling” in the Preface to 'Kwan Ts'eu' in Mao Shih

本文的目的，是要在處理相關的經學脈絡之後，哲學地解析《毛詩•關雎序》王道理想的理論涵義。《毛詩•關雎序》文簡而意深。其王道風化的理念，若純作概念分析，有靜態結構的解析與動態歷程的解析兩者。問題地看，則王道風化的理想表現的是《毛詩》的儒家統治理想。理論地看，這個統治理想的內在理論結構卻頗為複雜。這個以風化與風刺為其內在環節的統治理念預設了一種人性論、一種預訂了溝通行動的修養理論。這個統治理念，簡單地說，就是認定良好的統治必定是在溝通中增進統治者與被統治者之道德教養的統治。這個統治理想在儒家政治哲學傳統中有其特殊的不可取代性。它的特殊之處基於兩點：第一，五倫之中只有通過溝通互動才能增進彼此的道德教養；第二，良好的統治必定是在溝通中增進統治者與被統治者之道德教養的統治。筆者以為，事實上，如果我們把儒家這個統治理念所預設的封建政治制度予以剝除的話，則這個強調在互動溝通中才能普遍提升道德教養的政治理念恐怕是良好的政治生活絕不可少的必要條件。

The purpose of this article, after some philological and contextual treatments , is to offer a philosophical analysis of “the Tao of Kingly ruling” in the Preface to Kwan Ts'eu in the Mao Shih . The classical text is short in length but deep in its philosophical import. Its ideal of “the Tao of Kingly ruling” can be conceptually analyzed according to its static structure and its dynamic process. Problematically seen, it presents its peculiar conception of a Confucian ruling ideal. However, the inner theoretical structure of this ideal is rather complicated. The ruling ideal, which embraces Fung-hwa and Fungts'e as its moments, presupposes a theory of human nature and a theory of moral cultivation in the context of communicative action. This ruling ideal, to put it in its essentials, maintains that good ruling necessarily requires the moral elevation of both the ruler and the subjects, and furthermore, in communication. This ideal has a unique place in the development of the history of Confucian political philosophy. Its peculiarity lies in two points. First, it is only through communication that the moral elevation of both sides of the ruling is possible. Second, a good ruling necessarily improves the moral qualities both of the ruling and the ruled through communication. The author holds that, if we strip away the implicit feudalism, the political ideal of a universal moral elevation based on the communication of the relevant parties is a necessary condition of a good political life.