衝突與適應：盛清時期在華西洋傳教士文化衝擊與因應調適

Conflict v.s. Adaptation - Cultural Shock for Western Missioners in the Qing Dynasty

近代以來，探究清代傳教士在華貢獻、定位和影響等專書、論文極為豐碩，但較少探討當傳教士在面對文化與工作衝突時，如何因應和進行調適的方法。盛清時期，在華傳教士著有大量的書籍與信件，翔實記錄在華的工作內容、生活情況、各種調查、觀察、變故和心理感受，可作從中窺見傳教士在面對文化衝擊時的因應調適策略。本文就文化衝突與心理因應為主題進行探討，利用傳教士書信與相關記錄，輔以清朝的檔案、官書、文集等記錄，對比分析，探討盛清時期中國教區背後錯綜複雜的國際關係、各修會間爭執、傳教士因應環境採取的策略、面對文化衝突時如何調適等面向，進一步探究傳教士的適應之道。

In modern times, there are abundant literatures and studies discussing the contributions, positions and impacts of the western missioners in the Qing dynasty; however, only a small amount of works are discussing the cultural conflicts and adaptation encountered by those missioners. During the Golden Age of the Qing Dynasty, there were numerous books and letters recording the working content, living conditions, various surveys, observation, changes and feeling of the missioners. Through these document, the conflicts and adaption of cultural shock could be observed. This study aims to explore how the missions coped with cultural shock and what their strategy was to cope with the environment by analyzing these documents, and cross examination with record and literature of the Qing Dynasty, an era of complicated international relationships and disputes between communions.