科舉與時文──論清代科舉評點的社會意義

Imperial Examination System and Examination Essays: Social Meanings Resulting from Imperial Examination System in Ching Dynasty

科舉制度創始於隋朝，唐朝漸趨完備。傳統的科舉考試作為主要的選官制度，直接影響著庶民的社會政治生活和文化教育。「科舉制度」體現著士子們「一舉成名天下知」的夢想，「應舉」則是實現這夢想的唯一途徑。二者交互作用，在中國社會生活文化等諸多領域裡，衍生出獨特的文化現象。由於受到當代文化理論思潮的影響，學界開始意識「科舉評點」背後所帶來的文化意義，部份專業學者的關注焦點多是採取單一的文化詮釋路徑，考察其背後的社會文化脈絡。有鑑於此，本文嘗試以傅柯的「規範化」（normalization）觀念及德希達的「解構」（deconstruction）觀點，探討科舉評點話語的結構模式下，是否標示著文本與知識／權力之間存在著必然相互連結的關係。本論文的主要論述包括：一、科舉制度與評點所帶來的文化意涵；二、科舉時文的文本集結，象徵著單一論述的知識結構；三、國家文化如何建構與科舉、學術與權力之中，走向共存的場域。

Imperial examination system originated in Sui Dynasty and reached maturity in Tang Dynasty. Traditionally imperial examination system served as a main measure for selection of governmental officials that directly influenced civilians' social & political life as well as their culture and education. By passing such examination the Chinese literate can fulfill their dream of gaining nationwide fame and wealth. In other words, taking this examination was the only way for the Chinese literate to realize the dream at that time. The relationship between the system and the dream has given rise to distinguished cultural phenomena in diverse aspects. Owing to the influx of modern cultural theory, cultural implications behind such system are recognized in academia. On a basis of documentation from Zhujuan Collection of Qing Dynasty, this study explores the cultural essence and reexamines the meanings in terms of 'examination essays/views resulting from imperial examination system'.