支離與弔詭──論「老莊」藝術思想的兩種複雜性格

The two complex characters of “ Lao-Zhuang ” art thoughts

藝術史和藝術思想史的關係，並不如一般人想像的那樣緊密。藝術史，是由藝術家及其作品所構成；藝術思想史，是由思想家的藝術思想所構成。前者，是藝術的實際部份；它們可以看見，可以觸摸，是藝術的真實存在（being）。藝術思想則不然，它們是思想家天馬行空的想像。思想家不必接觸藝術，不必對實際的藝術活動負責；然而他們會思考，有談論藝術問題的能力。雖然如此，思想家對於藝術家卻可能產生影響，甚至有時候有指導的意味。因此，某些思想家，被視為藝術發展與走向的前瞻者。在中國思想家與藝術家的關係上，最為有趣的就是所謂「老莊」思想。「老莊」思想這個名詞，在中國藝術──特別是文人藝術上，應用得極為廣泛。凡舉書法、繪畫等等文人參與的藝術項目，都可以和「老莊」思想發生聯想。這種將「老莊」與中國（文人）藝術作必然連結的情況，普遍到有一點浮濫。事實上，老子與莊子並稱並列，有其歷史淵源。老、莊放在一起，是不是可以沒有衝突地視為單一思想，很有討論空間。至於老子與莊子的藝術思想到底是什麼？如何指導了中國藝術的往後發展，則更有討論空間。老子與莊子這兩個思想家，對於中國（文人）藝術的確有決定性的影響。老子與莊子有相近的地方，也有很不相近的地方。並且，老子與莊子都不認同藝術的社會角色、都不認同藝術有調節情緒的功能──他們都是反對藝術的思想家。因此，老子莊子與中國藝術的關係，錯綜複雜。他們對中國藝術的影響，不是以「老莊」這樣一個名詞，便可以簡單概括。本文研究目的，在於說明與「老莊」有關的兩個基本問題。（一）「老莊」能夠並稱並列，是歷史上的因緣際會。老子與莊子的思想，有很大差異，（二）老子與莊子都是反對藝術的思想家。這兩個問題不弄清楚，所謂「老莊」思想與中國（文人）藝術有關的說法，都只是約定俗成的非學術說法。這兩個問題弄清楚以後，在「老莊」思想與中國（文人）藝術的關係上，才可以提出更合於歷史事實的研究與解釋。

History of art and history of art thoughts are not as tight connected as peoplethink. The former is composed by artists and their works, the later is composed by thethoughts of thinkers. The former is the real part of art, the later is not as real as theformer, but, it can affect or even direct artists. Therefore, some thinkers are treated asthe pioneers of the art world.In the relationships between Chinese artists and thinkers, the socalled ”Lao-Zhuang” is most interesting. ”Lao-Zhuang” is so popularly used byChinese painter, calligrapher, musician and literature writer. However, ”Lao” and“Zhuang” placed together, is caused by some historical reasons. In fact, there is aremarkable space to discuss： if the thoughts of ”Lao” and “Zhuang” are that similarand what they really think about art.”Lao” and “Zhuang” have great influence on Chinese artists. The truth is, thethoughts of ”Lao” and “Zhuang” are very close in some parts, and far away in someother part. Essentially, in the close parts, ”Lao” and “Zhuang” are not agree with thesocial function of art, they especially do not prove the role of emotion of artistic behavior. They are the thinkers of anti-art. So, in Chinese history, Chinese artistsrespect two thinkers who do not respect art.The purpose of this research is to point out two things.（1）to tell the greatdifference between ”Lao” and “Zhuang”, and to tell the historical reasons thatwhy ”Lao” and “Zhuang” placed together by ancient Chinese. （2）To tell why these twothinkers are anti-art thinkers.