馬一浮釋「仁」析論──兼談其「體用不二」之踐履工夫

Exploration and Analysis of Ma Yifu's Explanation for the 'Perfect Virtue' -with the Discourse of the Fulfillment Work of His 'Unity of Substance and Function'

「仁」是孔子思想的核心，隱含著孔學活活潑潑的思想底蘊。歷來對「仁」的詮釋各有不同，同時也呈現出不同詮釋者的思想理路與取徑。「仁」也是馬一浮（1883-1967）「學儒觀」的軸心，他將《論語》置於六藝之綱領，推崇孔子的「仁道」思想，揭櫫「踐仁」的涵養步驟，強調持「敬」的重要，直指「踐仁」乃「仁」之核心質素，並推舉顏回為典範，提出「學儒」之具體依據，對應其所處的時代環境，試圖重塑儒學之人文價值內涵。拙文擬析論馬一浮對「仁」的詮釋，探討其體用不二的工夫論，並兼論「仁」在其思想體系中的重要性及其現代性意義，以見證孔子仁學的歷時性意義與恆常性價值。主要聚焦探討的問題有二：一、馬一浮如何釋「仁」？二、馬一浮認為踐「仁」之工夫為何？

The ＂Benevolence＂ is the core value of Confucius' thoughts containing lively details of Confucianism. In history, the interpretations of ＂Benevolence＂ were not the same, and these differences present interpreters' ideals and approaches. The ＂Benevolence＂ is also the principal axis of the ＂Concept of Learning Confucianism＂ by Ma Yifu (1883-1967). He thought that ＂The Analects of Confucius＂ should be the programme of the Six Arts, praised highly Confucius' ＂Philosophy of Benevolence,＂ disclosed the steps of ＂Fulfillment Work for Benevolence,＂ stressed the importance of holding ＂Respect,＂ and pointed out that the ＂Fulfillment Works for Benevolence＂ should be the structural elements of ＂Benevolence.＂ Moreover, he elected Yen Yuan to be the model, proposed specific basis for ＂Learning Confucianism,＂ and tried to reconstruct humanistic values and contents of Confucianism in accordance with the time and environment. The study hopes not only to analyze Mr. Ma's interpretation for ＂Benevolence＂ and explore his approach proposals for the unity of substance and function, but also to discourse the importance and modern meanings of ＂Benevolence＂ in the system of his thoughts to demonstrate the diachronic significances and constant values of Confucius' Benevolence. Two issues are focused on primarily: 1. How did Ma Yifu interpret ＂Benevolence＂? 2. What is the fulfillment work for Benevolence in Ma Yifu's thoughts?