戴震對於程朱天理思想的轉化及其背後意涵

The transforming about the theory on the ideology of two Chengs and Zhu and its significance by Dai-zhen

自宋明儒學的興起，超越性「天理」概念的問世，無形本體的天理思想就一直蔚為風尚。戴震站在恢復儒學的立場，以經典考據為荃蹄，經世的理念為鵠的，對於理學家超越內在的天理詮釋，企圖以具體現實的角度疏證之，重新找回孔、孟、《六經》中，有關理的概念的本旨。本文以東原義理思想大成之作《孟子字義書證》為核心，輔以《原善》、《孟子私淑錄》、《緒言》等，及文集書信的重要著作，試圖解析戴震對於程、朱天理思想的批判與修正，並進一步探討戴震在對程朱天理的疏證下，所透露的個人理想世界觀。綜觀戴震對程朱理的批判，可分兩階段：其一，對古人理之定義做疏證。理是程朱「本體論」（Ontology）的核心，是宋人對於宇宙世界的存有作一根源性、概念性建構的泉源；戴震發揮清儒考據見長的特點，從字義上分析，進而推導出實體之理的宇宙秩序觀，此間不落虛玄，足足考驗著戴震考據對於經典努力。第二，對於「心、理、氣」之關係的討論。朱熹向來以理為「得於天具於心，且與氣二分」，戴震在修正程朱天理的路上，除了對理重新定義外，勢必要對此三者之關係做一詮釋。本文最後，分析戴震天理論之核心目的。思想家的宇宙秩序觀，除了反映其觀察世界的角度，更透露了其理想的世界模式。自宋以迄於清，理學思想早已深入人心，加上程朱為清代官學，駁斥程朱之理不是件容易的事，且勢必淪為眾矢之的。然東原之所以堅定如此，自當有其理想性，故值得作進一步探討分析。

Since Neo-Confucianism was gaining popular, a transcendence theory ＂ideology＂ is presented and being in vogue. Dai-zhen wanted to restore the Confucianism, he based on the Confucian classics and aim of statecraft. Dai-zhen tried to prove the transcendence theory on the ideology and bring back the basic concept of Kong-zi, Meng-zi and the six channels. The kernel of this article is ＂Mengzi Ziyi Shuzheng＂, the comprehensive expression of the philosophy of Dai-zhen, and adding some concepts with ＂Yuanshan＂, ＂Mengzi Sishulu＂, ＂Xuyan＂ and some other anthologies. This article tries to explain Dai-zhen appraised and amended to the theory on the ideology of two Chengs and Zhu, and discusses deeply about Dai-zhen investigate the ideology and his own dreaming world view. Making a comprehensive survey of the appraised to ideology by Dai-zhen, can be divide into two parts: the first one is, prove the meaning of ＂Li＂ by ancients. ＂Li＂ is the kernel of ontology, an idea of the Songs how the universe existence. Dai-zhen brought out the spirit of the Confucianism in Qing dynasty, who is good at investigating. To analyze from the words, Dai-zhen educts a specific world view, its different from the Confucianism in Song dynasty and he took a long way to prove this from the Confucian classics; the second one is, talking about the ＂Mind, Li, Gas＂. The Confucianism in Song dynasty thought ＂Li＂ is ＂you gain Li from the nature and place it on your mind, and separate from Gas＂. When Dai-zhen was amending the ideology of two Chengs and Zhu, he was not only meaning afresh the ＂Li＂, and also afresh the relative between these three concepts. The last of this article, analyzing the ideology of Dai-zhen. The world view to a thinker, not only the reflect of the view, and also its dreaming world view. From Song dynasty to Qing dynasty, the Confucian school of idealist philosophy of the Song and Ming Dynasties was already deep into everyone's mind, and plus the Studies of Chengs and Zhu was the school and academic institution in Qing dynasty, refuting the Confucianism in Song was not a simple thing, so Dai-zhen determined like that, must have his own ideal. Therefore, its worth for us to discuss more deeply.