從兩宋壽妻詞析論晁補之壽妻詞之特色與影響

On the Features and Influence of Birthday-Congratulatory Poems to Wife Written by Chao Buzhi In the Song Dynasty”

兩宋祝壽文學勃興，壽詞創作尤盛，數量多且題材豐富，聖壽詞、自壽詞、他壽詞為宋代壽詞三大類，一般認為自壽詞最能表現詞人的自我意識，不落俗套，其餘壽詞多是出於應制酬唱、無思想意蘊之詞作。其實，壽妻詞是他壽詞中相當獨特的一類，詞中傳達夫妻真摯情感與抒情主體的自我意識，北宋晁補之（1053－1110）為壽妻詞始創者，雖只有五首作品，卻形塑了兩宋壽妻詞的創作典範。筆者以為晁補之壽妻詞之特色有二，一是歸隱情懷濃厚，有顯著投射的自我意識；二是揀選暗合作者心境志向兼具祝壽之意的典故。這些特色亦影響向子湮（1085－1152）、張綱（1083－1166）等多位詞人之壽妻詞作品，若將晁補之的壽妻詞與兩宋壽妻詞比並而觀並作深入探討，應可了解晁補之壽妻詞對兩宋壽妻詞有何開創與影響，進而發掘出晁補之詞的新價值，對兩宋壽妻詞有較全面性的認識。

The Song Dynasty wrote many birthday-congratulatory poems. In terms of subject matter, birthday-congratulatory poems were classified into those to the emperor and those to relatives and friends and those to oneself. The keynote of this article is researching into birthday-congratulatory poems to wife in the Song Dynasty. These congratulatory poems can reflect the real life and feelings between husband and wife, but also the self-consciousness in the works. The Northern Song Chao Buzhi (1053-1110) was the first one to wrote birthday-congratulatory poems to wife. Although the number of Chao Buzhi's works was not many, but it were the model of birthday-congratulatory poems to wife in the Song Dynasty. When we compared with Chao Buzhi's birthday-congratulatory poems to wife and others congratulatory poems to wife in the Song Dynasty, we could find the impact and value of the former.