化解認同危機：《尤利西斯》中布魯姆的後現代思維

Surviving the Identity Crises: Postmodern Broodings in Leopold Bloom

在喬依斯（James Joyce） 的《尤利西斯》（Ulysses） 中，身為猶太人的李奧伯‧布魯姆（Leopold Bloom） 面臨不少認同的危機。他所採取的應變之道多元而富彈性，本文擬從政治、宗教、文化及種族各層面探討布魯姆的認同危機，再檢視他的化解之道，包括觀念上的相對主義、對異己的開放性態度，沉默的社群性以及文化實踐等。布魯姆不受社會建構的舊式思維所拘束，而另闢蹊徑，建構多重而流動的身分認同，這種做法頗富有後現代性的特質。本文將應用後現代思潮對身分認同所作的諸多見解，來剖析布魯姆如何利用領先時代的思維方式來建立一套獨特的生活哲學。

Out of the theoretical work of poststructuralism and postmodernism, theconcept of identity is replaced by the concept of identities—multiple andmobile identities undergoing a never-ending journey of self-formation.Important dimensions of identity include aspects of social spheres andcommunities, cultural phenomena, and communicative encounters. In Joyce’sUlysses, Leopold Bloom has adopted a secular materialism which leads him toidentify with mankind in general rather than with any historical or ethnic group.Being a consumer and propagator of the cultural discourse, Bloom has anintense fascination with and an awareness of cultural differences. Theapparently uncensored reflections of Bloom allow for the emergence ofostensibly inconsequential associations, which transcend the monologicnarrowness of a single-cultural perspective. Bloom’s cultural pursuits, sexualtastes, clothing habits, religious representations, intellectual motivations, andpolitical commitments thus map out the multiple and mobile identities Joyceexpected of a modern individual of Ireland.